Karma Upon Death by Scrabble Essay

Karma. What is karma? Is it a part of life? Is it what helps us make decisions? Or is it the balance of life and everyone living in it? In Charlie Fish’s story Death By Scrabble karma is the main theme. This fictional story is about a husband and his wife playing Scrabble, a game in which players earn points for the words made by them with available letters. The story narrates how the words in the game reflect the practical life of the players. In every story there are literary devices used to help develop the theme of the story. In this story the terms imagery, the use of foreshadowing, and mostly irony. By the end of this essay readers will realise how all the use of these literary terms helped develop the theme of karma in Charlie Fish’s Death By Scrabble. Imagery in Death By Scrabble I shown a lot and helps conquer the theme behind the story, karma. â€Å"I’m 42 years old, it’s a blistering hot Sunday afternoon and all I can think of to do with my wife is play Scrabble† (page 1)this is giving the readers an imagery upon the of the setting in which the husband and wife are upon. While starting there’s the obvious feel and imagination of the image of the married couple sitting and playing the game at a season of heat and anguish. Playing the game, the couple begins to play in a way against each other with intention to win, the imagery is seen upon when his wives â€Å"smug expression as she rearranges her letters. Clack, clack clack. † (page1) The husband is as well in a race to win the game, as seen by him hoping â€Å"she has lousy letters† and even finding it â€Å"remarkably Tilo 2 satisfying† when his wife â€Å"gets a static shock off the air conditioning unit. † Each player is against the other while being able to outstandingly give immense imagery to the readers even the inner feelings such as the husband feeling â€Å"a terrible rage build up inside†¦ some inner poison slowly spreading.. and when it gets to my fingertips I am going to jump out of my chair and†¦ start hitting her again and again and again. † It’s obvious that he’s feeling angry and wants to win badly to annoy her or maybe to get a good feeling out of it. Imagery makes the story fulfill with life and integrity into being believed and seen in the reader’s imagination and perspective. Another literary is deviced used in this story is foreshadowing. In the story we realise right away that the husband hate towards his wife, and wants to get rid of her as soon as possible. This foreshadows that there is a possibility of death in the story. As the story goes on the husband realizes all of the words he puts down on the scrabble board are coming true. â€Å"Waiting to fly. Stupid. I opened my eyes, and theres a fly. An insect, buzzing around above the scrabble board, surfing the thermals from the tepid cup of tea. That proves nothing. † (page 4) This is another example of foreshadowing because the  author hints to the reader that the Scrabble Board is jinxed, and that the next words that the husband and wife put down on the board will become reality. Lastly another Foreshadowing moment happens when she plays the word â€Å"caution†. This foreshadows a warning of something bad to come. We now see how foreshadowing plays a huge role connecting to the theme of the story. Oh the irony! The last literary term irony is used from top to bottom in this story. This quote is when the narrator/main character starts realize that everything being put down on the Scrabble Board is  happening in real life. â€Å"She plays sweatier†¦ i’m getting sweatier† This is when the reader may notice the overall irony in the story when the words come to life and are completed. â€Å"I don’t believe it- it can’t be Tilo 3 a coincidence. The letters made it happen. I played the word explodes†¦ and the air conditioning unit exploded† (page 3) with this mindset of the husband he reveals the irony and the reality in the story for the reader. A big part of irony in the story is how his cousin â€Å"Harold swallowed a bee when he was nine, his throat swelled up and he died. †Then towards the end of the story he chokes on a â€Å"b† just like his cousin and dies. The greatest irony in the story is the fact that throughout the whole time the husband is playing scrabble trying to figure out which words he can spell out to kill his wife, but what he doesn’t know is that his wife is playing the same game. And ironically she ends up winning. Irony in this story best illustrates Karma. Finally the use of these literary terms helped create the theme of this story. The suspense kept the reader wanting to know what will happen to the wife.  will he kill her? Foreshadowing in this story is also another huge part in showing karma, when he realizes every word he puts down becomes a reality, and his wife playing and plays the word â€Å"caution† to warn him. Lastly the greatest literary device used to help create the theme of karma is irony. It is very ironic how the husbands cousin dies from choking on a bee and he ends up choking on a B, also the fact that the husband is trying to kill his wife, but once again ironically she ends up killing him. These are the ingredients in this story that helped develop the theme of karma.

Home Burial

‘Humankind erects and maintains real and symbolic barriers to protect and defend opposing stances, beliefs and territories. The resulting lack of communication reinforces those barriers, often to detrimental effects’. Discuss in relation to at least two of Robert Frost’s poems. Much of Frost’s poetry includes the discussion of, and indeed reasoning behind varying types of barriers within diverse situations – many of which he himself experienced throughout his life. Mending Wall, â€Å"one of Frosts most anthologised poems†, is a primary example of both physical and emotional barriers being used in his attempts to explore the diversity in the relationships between both humankind and nature, and human beings themselves; the question â€Å"Are walls and fences instrumental in the retention and renewal of human relationships? †, being the driving force behind this piece of work. Although the narrator describes his neighbour as â€Å"an old stone age savage†¦he moves in darkness as it seems to me†, it must be noted that it is in fact the narrator who initiates the mending of the wall, perplexing the reader as it appears that tradition and indeed the wall itself is of no importance to him. Harold Bloom states that â€Å"Frost identifies a deep human resistance to formal principles, more generally, reluctance to erect obstacles to freedom, and a desire to see barriers break down. The neighbour who lives by the saying â€Å"good fences make good neighbours†, â€Å"resembles an obstructionist, a Luddite, who can only recite his father's bromide to justify his yearly task of rebuilding the wall. † The wording of the first lines of Mending Wall, also introduce something somewhat ‘supernatural’ to its meaning. â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall†, does not define what it actually is which destroys t he wall. Frost of course knows that it is the elements which are responsible, but as critic Frank Lentricchia comments â€Å"His fun lies in not naming it, and in not naming the scientific truth he is able to manipulate intransigent fact into the world of the mind where all things are pliable. The artful vagueness of the phrase ‘Something there is’ is enchanting and magical, suggesting even the bushed tones of reverence before mystery in nature. And the speaker who is not at all reverent toward nature, consciously works at deepening that sense of mystery†, therefore the â€Å"supernatural or Godly force that does not approve of the wall being up, and desires that there be no man-made barriers placed between human beings† is left paramount in the mind of the reader. â€Å"We have to use a spell to make them balance†, reinforces the magical element of the poem, with the ambiguity, and significance of line 4 â€Å"And makes gaps even two can pass abreast†, heightening its enigmatic and surreptitious elements. Frost emphasises the fact that the gaps in the wall were made large enough for two humans to pass side by side through it, causing the reader and indeed himself to question if man is perhaps going against the wishes of nature itself in erecting these barriers, the destructive side of nature and the effect of the changing of the seasons being a recurring theme throughout the works of Frost. For him nature was not just a â€Å"background for poetry, but rather a central character in his works†. In Mending Wall, Frost also accentuates the human need to have different ‘species’ or types of people separated; his reference to the differing types of trees is a metaphorical, representing the way in which man feels the need to separate one type of person from another by way of both physical and unseen barriers; as much of Frost’s life was spent during times of great class struggle and the oppression of African American citizens, the barriers he witnessed between these people and his own influenced and made greater his wish to destroy the lack of communication between all human beings, both those from differing backgrounds and, as can be seen between the husband and wife in Home Burial, those who share a strong bond. Here, Frost reinforces the difficulties which people face in achieving effective communication, where he presents it â€Å"as the only possible escape from isolation and despair†. His own experiences with the loss of children are explored within this emotionally charged and demonstrative piece of poetry; with prominence being given to how communication between two people can help overcome anything which life may hand them, and how a lack of communication causes the barriers between the two to become even greater. Home Burial describes not only the death of a child, but the aftermath which follows; the marital partnership dissolving both mentally and physically, as neither husband or wife feels able to confide in the other regarding the immense grief and sense of loss which they are feeling; this lack of communication is what ultimately destroys their marriage. Both Mending Wall and Home Burial are prime examples of how Frost viewed and experienced barriers in his own personal life, although hey are poles apart; Home Burial being darker and more emotionally personal to Frost than Mending Wall, which seems lighter, with an almost playful and explorative element. Mending Wall is written as a lengthy one stanza poem in a narrative style, which seeks to reinforce the lighthearted nature of the piece. â€Å"The poem is not broken into stanzas, which makes it look visually like a rock wall turned on its side†¦the ‘gaps’ in the wall when we look at the way that the line endings form an imperfect line all the way down the page. † The language and setting which Frost has employed for Mending Wall intends for the reader to focus on the wall and the men mending it. The landscape is not described, the â€Å"yelping dogs† of the hunters have long gone, and there remains only the pine and apple trees, and the wall dividing them. The poetic techniques of imagery, where the speaker tells his neighbour â€Å" and irony, serve as symbolic representations of barriers, albeit through a cheerful tone; simultaneously highlighting the serious meaning within the poem. The wall is the most dominant piece of irony used throughout; it not only separates the speaker from his neighbour, but it also brings them together every year. Line 14 â€Å"We set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go†, suggests that they are content in working together to repair the wall on the condition that they both mend their own side. The use of these techniques together with the repetitions of the lines â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,† and â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors,† emphasise the theme of a two sided argument, as does line 23 at the exact centre of the poem. â€Å"There where it is we do not need the wall†, is the first intimation that the speaker does not feel a need for the wall. This line divides the poem in two, with the first 22 lines being the factual events surrounding the mending of the wall, and the last 22 lines being the ‘argument’ for and against the presence of it. The style in which Home Burial is written in is opposing in every way, with the choice of language and delivery giving it greater importance and ‘weight’ within the works of Frost. It is notable that only one word in Mending Wall is more than two syllables long. The language of Home Burial is direct and to the point; a dramatic narrative, written in informal blank verse which empowers and brings to life the characters within it. The position of the couple in the first stanza, and indeed throughout must be noted; the wife at the top of the stairs, and the husband at the foot of the stairs looking up at her; the sense of separation and yearning for solace which she feels being reiterated by Frosts choice of language in his description of her husband and indeed his movements. â€Å"Advancing towards her†, â€Å"Mounting until she cowered under him†, â€Å"You make me angry, I’ll come down to you! †

John Locke and the Declaration of Independence Essay

In 1689, John Locke published, what proved to be, a valuable document for the American Revolution as well as life in present day America, known as the Second Treatise of Government. In his document he creates a model of his ideal civil government, which is created by the people to ensure their â€Å"natural rights† of life, liberty, and property. This government may also be dissolved upon the decision of the people, when it is believed that the sovereignty has ceased to function properly. Locke’s model government is based on his idea of the â€Å"state of nature†; perfect freedom, the state all men are in naturally. This idea infers that all men will govern themselves accordingly; however chaos and anarchy would always occur. Men, in the â€Å"state of nature†, all have the drive and want to acquire more than which they already possess. Men, also, have the same capabilities of doing so, which ultimately creates conflict between men. This is where the idea of the â€Å"politic society† comes into play. The â€Å"politic society† is where men forfeit their individual right to govern themselves, and instead create a â€Å"social contract† amongst one another. The â€Å"social contract† is a binding agreement between the government and the governed, in which the governed agree to sacrifice their individual political power and obey laws, while the government agrees to provide protection of property and enforce/create laws th at promote the common good. The government is prohibited from doing which the governed does not consent nor comply with. Once government goes above or beyond its prescribed capabilities, it is then that it should be dissolved. Locke insists the government may be dissolved in any instance, if does not receive consent from its governed during: legislative alteration, executive hindering its legislative, alteration of elective process the executive, failure to enforce existing laws, and subjection to foreign powers. It is evident that, while Thomas Jefferson was formulating his document, The Declaration of Independence, he was highly influenced by Locke’s views within his Second Treatise of Government. In fact, the preamble to The Declaration of Independence encompasses Locke’s ideas of the â€Å"state of nature† and the â€Å"politic society† as demonstrated here: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing it powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness.† This is directly parallel to what Locke states in his Second Treatise to the Government, with the insertion of property in place of happiness, when he says: â€Å"Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another instance of parallelism is within the Declaration of Independence’s list of grievances and Locke’s grounds for dissolution. Jefferson states that: â€Å"He (The King of Great Britain) has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected†¦ He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people†. All of these grievances are considered by Locke, to be just reasons for the dissolution of the current government. Even though, both documents appear to be quite similar, there is a slight difference. Locke’s views are more individualistic. He concentrates on the rights and duties of the individual. While on the other hand, Jefferson’s main focus is on the government and its rights and limitations. Both proved to be highly effective in each owns instance. Case in point, on July 4, 1776, that The Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by the Continental Congress and the American Revolution officially began. Another important issue to be discussed is slavery. In the Second Treatise of Government, Locke maintains that the â€Å"perfect condition of slavery† is based upon consent. That â€Å"man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule† yet† having by his fault forfeited his own life by some act that deserves death, he to whom he has forfeited it may, when he has him in his power, delay to take it and make use of him to his own service†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Locke essentially is saying slavery is a consensual debt to someone and should not be used in any other instance. The topic of slavery was not included within the embodiment of The Declaration of Independence. In America, slavery was not consistent with Locke’s view of doubtful servitude. Instead, slaves were brought over from other countries, or born into it themselves and it became a common, harsh way of life for African Americans of that time. A prime example would be Frederick Douglass; a self educated, escaped slave, who was a part of the abolitionist movement during the pre-civil war era. He believed that the Declaration of Independence, the document itself and its ideas, did not apply to he and his people, for they were not free. In his oration, what to Say to the Slave is the Fourth of July, he declares that: â€Å"I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are not enjoyed in common— the rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence†¦ is shared by you and not by me.† It is clear that Frederick Douglass shows a great deal of discontent towards the 4th of July and what it represents to Americans because it doesn’t represent anything for African Americans but after a great deal of effort and a civil war, slavery was abolished in 1868 with the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. During the abolitionist movement, there was another prominent cause in America, the women’s movement. The women of the time, Lucretia Mott for example, felt that women shared a similar cause with the African Americans, in that they were treated unfairly and suffered from inequality in society. They wanted equal rights, mainly the right to vote. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was a Mott’s response to the Declaration of Independence; a parody of the rights of man, the Caucasian man in particular. It is in this document that she demonstrates how women are deprived of the rights to liberty, justice, and property. After many rallies and protest, women were granted the right to vote in 1919 under Amendment XIX. The next great movement of America’s history was the Civil Rights Movement. This forged many great leaders such as Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Both men shared t opposite views on which actions to take to promote their cause. Dr. King advocated the non-violent approach. He and his followers held rallies and protests and tried to educate America about this current state of inequality and segregation through pamphlets and orations. One of Dr. King’s most famous pieces was a Letter from a Birmingham Jail. He too, like Mott, used words in order to express the current condition of deprivation of life, liberty, and property. All of these great movements would have been impossible, if it were not for Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. This document created what became a domino effect of social revolutions in the post years after its publication and is a valuable source of model democratic system still today.

Concepts of Federalism in Public Policy Making Essay

Concepts of Federalism in Public Policy Making - Essay Example From the concept of federalism have come various other schools of thought, which have culminated into sub concepts in their own right. One of these is the concept of dual federalism according to which the best option before any government or nation is to organize itself into separate yet equal branches of government so as to divide the state and national government in various spheres of functioning and significance. According to this, the state government may exercise sovereignty within its own boundaries while the national level authorities will be slated to have exclusive and enumerated powers. Another concept that has branched out from federalism is that of cooperative federalism. According to this school of thought, the best course of action is to establish a strong network of consumer cooperative societies through which cooperative wholesale societies will be formed in order to undertake the purchase of farms and factories. According to federal cooperatives, the proceeds and profits thereof would be paid as dividends to the member cooperatives instead of the workers. Having studied the various aspects of federalism, it would be imperative to state that the public policy making process is greatly influenced by the concept of federalism.

Educational and psychological Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational and psychological Statistics - Essay Example A total of 101 students in 6 streams were selected as representative population. The students taking part in the study were at various levels of studies and of different sexes.   The sample was categorized into two namely, earners or maintainers. Maintainers started with high score but in the subsequent assignments, their scores were consistently reduced leading to negative motivation. Conversely, earners scores were increased each time an assignment was given. The research hypothesized that students who are subjected to subtraction of marks are highly motivated than the students who are constantly added marks. For purposes of this essay, six positive attributes namely; motivation, interest, participation, urge, inspiration and excitement about the course are used. The mean of each attribute is calculated for generalization purposes. Then the overall mean is computed to give the general feeling or attitude of students towards the course. Further suggestions on ways of improving the test are also made.A study or test is a systematic means of enquiry that employs the use of scientifically approved techniques to find answers to problems and attempt to solve them or come up with or complement existing knowledge. Studies critically examine situations, phenomena, problems and occurrences with a view of initiating certain actions. Therefore, it must be objective and free from prejudice and biasness. It involves gathering data, changing the data into meaningful form called information and deriving conclusions.... There are two major categories of studies namely quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative studies are concerned with numbers i.e. the variables are quantified e.g. marks scored by students in particular examinations. The answers in most instances are already been given and what the respondent is required to do is to tick the applicable case or choice. On the other hand qualitative studies focus on other factors which may be related to variable. This is done by allowing respondents to describe their views about the subject and therefore offers more flexibility. It must be noted that the two categories can be used together in one study. This is usually the case in many surveys. Data collection is an integral part of research. The value and credibility of a study relies on the methods and how data was collected. A poorly collected data carries significant errors resulting into rejection of results and therefore waste of resources. Therefore, the results of the test must be valid a nd reliable. The validity is checked by investigating whether the results actually measure what it claims to determine. The reliability is concerned about the reproducibility of the same results under same conditions but different administrations. Various methods of data collections exists but the choice of specific method depend on the type of study, available resources e.g. time, the volume of data to be collected and certain aspects of population among other reason. For instance, in a population where there is high illiteracy level using a self administered questionnaire is likely to generate flawed result because majorities do not know how to read or write. Conversely, if you want to extract large volume of information within a short time from educated

Cellular and Molecular Biology concepts Speech or Presentation

Cellular and Molecular Biology concepts - Speech or Presentation Example Nucleus is one of the organelles found in the cell that is enclosed with a membrane. It is found in eukaryotic cells (Cech, 2000). Most of the genetic material of the cell is in the nucleus and this genetic material is organized in the form of long linear DNA molecules which are present in multiple numbers. The genetic material are present in complex associations with various proteins, known as histones to form chromosomes. Genes which are present within the chromosomes form the nuclear genome of the cell (Lamond, 1998). The main function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of the genes present in the chromosomes and regulate their expression. Thus, it can be said that the organelle, nucleus, is the control center of any cell. The nucleus is covered with a nuclear envelope which is basically a double membrane. The membrane separates the nucleus from other contents present in the cytoplasm. It contains some pores which host channels to facilitate movement of molecules and ions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The movement of these molecules is controlled carefully. For the purpose of movement of larger molecules, carriers proteins are present for active transport. The nucleus has a nuclear lamina within itself that provides mechanical support to the various contents of the nucleus.

Democratisation Localisation of Democracy Essay

Democratisation Localisation of Democracy - Essay Example The present study would focus on a democracy as a government in which citizens in a country participate in making decisions that affect their lives. Primarily, this involves making decisions that affect legal aspects of people’s lives including drafting, debating and enactment of legislation to become law. In addition, democracy involves people participation in making social, economic and cultural decisions. In democracies, representatives or leaders put in record people’s contributions towards making of laws of the land, by-laws and other relevant social instruments depending on the extent of democracy. The constitution is the supreme law of the land in most modern democracies, and all other laws, including customary laws must be consistent with the constitution. Otherwise, they are null and void and cannot be enforced by any law enforcing agency in the country. According to historical events, democratic rule and governance is the fairest and most preferable of all typ es of governance as citizens are free to decide their fate by offering their views in various ways. There are many types of democracies depending on how the people express their views, and how they implement them. However, these many types have two main characteristics, where the people present their views on governance directly, and where people choose representatives to present their views; direct democracy and indirect democracy, respectively. In indirect democracies, the people elect political representatives. For instance, they elect parliamentarians who go to parliament to debate and pass laws, and each representative presents the key issues affecting his or her people. The various forms of indirect democracies include parliamentary, presidential, semi presidential, constitutional, and liberal constitutional democracies. In presidential democracies, the people elect a president who is the head of state and wields many executive powers. This democracy has other political leader s, but all leadership revolves around a powerful presidency. A semi presidential democracy has both a president and prime minister, with both sharing the powers of an executive president. A constitutional democracy is similar to a parliamentary democracy, but the parliamentarians make all decisions in accordance to the country’s constitution. The people have the power and mandate to petition against the parliament if the latter oversteps the limitations of the constitution on their duties. Finally, representative democracies include liberal constitutional democracies. A liberal constitutional democracy is just like the constitutional democracy, but its parliamentarians have the capacity to alter the constitution to fit the prevailing circumstances (Dworkin 2008, p. 218). Apart from representative democracies, there is the direct form of democracy whereby the people participate directly in governance. In this case, there are usually no representatives and the central governmen t has to consult the people every time it wants to make a decision that affects the legal, socioeconomic, and customary aspects of people’s lives. However, due to the number of people in each country, this democracy is not common and the preferred form of democracy is representative. People practice direct democracy in scenarios where the people involved are few, and it is an economically viable option. Subjects in a representative government vote for sensitive matters like changing a government, altering or changing a constitution, petitioning a non-performing leader, and subdividing the country among others directly in referenda. A referendum is one of the cases where citizens in a representative democracy express their direct opinion to the central government without their parliamentary representatives coming into play. However, these processes are expensive due to the number of people involved and, therefore, having a referendum is rare (Gaus and Kukathas 2004, p. 144). O ther scenarios where people

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

See Below - Essay Example ood chainsbecause of the monotonous way of performing the same tasks.McDonald food chains havefood recipes with known ingredients and every employee knows those recipes, therefore, each employee is assigned a different task along the food processing line in a sequential manner. For instance, let us take a look at making a mangojuice. Every day, one employee will be unloading mangoes from the truck to the kitchen, another employee will be washing the mangoes, another employee will be cutting the mangoes into small pieces, and another employee will be blending the mangoes to make mango juice. While we can see scientific management improves productivity in this mango juice making process there is also monotony in the process, however, it gets the job done fast and in a simple way. Unlike scientific management theory, classic organization theory being a merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory and administrative theory, itis widely used in businesses with more emphasis on management with clear line of authorities and hierarchy. For instance, the government of the United States may want to pass a bill about women’s rights in the society, however, because of authority, the house will first pass the bill then the president being the highest authority will sign it into law (Taylor 11) Therefore, we can draw conclusions that both classic organization and scientific management are relevant today, however, it depends on which business you are looking at. If it entails repetitive tasks, then scientific management is the best approach, however if it entails management with authority and hierarchy them classic organization is the best

Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Final exam - Assignment Example The license fee for the facility proposed is $200 plus $50 for each bed up to a maximum of $1,500 upon application for one year and $100 plus $50 for each bed for renewal each year to a maximum of $750 (Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services (n.d.). Therefore, a total of $1,500 would be paid in the first year and $750 each year thereafter until an adjustment is made. The revenue per unit/person is in keeping with rates obtained from Genworth Cost of Care Survey for 2013 which suggest that the minimum, median, and maximum monthly rates are $933, $3,710 and $8,445 respectively for a one bedroom single occupancy assisted living facility in California (Genworth 2013). The information in Table 1 in the Appendix indicates that these rates would result in minimum, median and maximum income per person per annum of $$11,196, $44520 and $101,340 respectively. Table 1 also indicates that 53 single occupancy units would be available for assisted living over the ten year period. If all units were occupied during the year the total annual revenue from this would be $593,388 at its lowest, $2,359,560 at the median level and $5,371,020 – the maximum per annum. An occupancy level of 93% is assumed for year 2 to year 10 for assisted living. ... This could lead to less than expected occupancy levels for the company and thus lead to a significant reduction in projected revenues (See Table 2 in the Appendix for income at various occupancy levels). In terms of wages, the employees of the facility should not be paid lower than Federal of State minimum wage which is $7.25 and $8 respectively (Minimum-Wage.org 2013). The lowest wage rate to be paid by Blueberry Acres LLC is $7.25. Both the Federal and State Minimum wage are expected to increase to $9 by 2014 (Hicken 2013) – a 24% increase in the Federal minimum wage rate projected. In 2016 the State minimum wage is expected to increase to $10 and it is also hoped that the Federal rate will be tied to the inflation rate (Hicken 2013). The interest rate on the construction loan appears to be too high at 7.5%. The prime lending rate is currently 3.25 and is projected to be the same at the end of March 2014 (Financial Forecast Center 2013). The 7.5% projected is more than twice the prime lending rate. Additionally, the projected length of time for the loan may not be allowed to exceed 20 years. This would change the annual payments to $488,746 representing interest payments of $410,787 and principal repayments of $78,051 in the first 12 months. With the exception of vehicle costs and expenses which are assumed to remain constant, the depreciation rate and other expenses appear reasonable. Vehicle costs should increase by at least 3% - the level of inflation anticipated each year. The budget needs to be adjusted for this error. Assessing the reasonability of the construction contract The assisted care facility is a profit making venture and should be

Reflective Learning Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective Learning Journal - Research Paper Example These businesses are faced with various challenges in marketing and each has adopted a different marketing strategy to succeed in the market. In each marketing strategy, technology has played an important role. Pre-Visit Research and Analysis Mr. Miikka Vaahtera, the CEO and founder of Malja Company, did the first presentation. During his presentation, he emphasized on the importance of agency’s roles. The choice of media as evidenced in the presentation was an important tool for the marketing agencies. For instance, electronic sponsorship such as smartphones and internet were going popularity across the board. In order to gain the market, the company made use of the marketing 4P’s (product, price, promotion, and place) through the agencies. The main problem facing the company was the use of traditional sponsorship (like magazines and radio) which were already going down. Therefore, event marketing became an important tool for the company. The second guest speaker was M r. Noel Mooney, Marketing Manager of UEFA. Football is my passion and was interested to see how it is promoted and expanded in the international scene. The marketing strategy used by UEFA is sponsorship marketing and a big question was how they manage to compete in a world of ambush marketing. The greatest threat in sponsorship marketing is ambush marketing. ... The company has made use of all the forms of media to promote their client’s brands. For the company, successes lies within an integrated campaign, that is, going viral in marketing. Social media has found a big place in the heart of the company because of its popularity and use across all ages and nations. If one wants information to reach as many people as possible within the shortest time, social media is the solution. In any form of marketing, creativity is very crucial and I was intrigued by the fact that the company emphasizes more on creativity from its employees. Without creativity, viral marketing is not possible. On the other hand, the work should not offend the intended audience. The last presentation was from Expedia and the company works with various hotels to promote their products. I am an avid traveler and I was amazed by how the company is able to collect information about and promote it. The company links various hotels and travel destinations around the worl d and the client are able to get all information they need within a click of a button. From the presentation, it was clear that the company has realized the importance of technology in marketing, that is, it has employed powerful marketing. The company also assists the hotels to reach their customers across the world through the same technology. How that is possible, lies within the strength of powerful marketing and the use of technology. Discussion and Analysis Event marketing is simply doing the correct thing and making people understand that you are doing the correct thing. The biggest challenge in this case is knowing what constitutes the

Government in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government in america - Essay Example Brown posits that amendments are a serious necessity in the United States constitution (The Birthright Question 106). Brown states that, â€Å"the 14th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 13, 1866 and finally ratified on July 9, 1868† (The Birthright Question 106). Hammerstrom expounds more on the 14th amendment, which gives equal rights to every citizen in the United States and completely abolished slavery (1). The historical and contemporary government development in the14th amendment is important to the American people and the government mandate is to protect and upheld the rights of the American people stated in the amendment. The thought of independence means guaranteed equal rights to every citizen in a country. Stock explicates that the meaning of independence was not as was expected to the American people because the people only experienced the concept of equal rights after the 1868 14th amendment (139). The 14th amendment passed by the congress was after a long c ontroversy and heated debate. According to Brown, racism was very dominant in the United State between the white and the black people (The Birthright Question 106). The amendment reaffirms states and federal citizenship for all people irrespective of race whether born or have been naturalized in the United States. ... Brown indicates that the 14th amendment granted citizenship to any person both within United States geographical area despite parent’s legal status or not (A United States Analysis 421). The 14th amendment indicates that a state will not abridge the privilege and freedom of American Citizen (Our Constitution 168). Therefore, every person in America as long as the citizen is above twenty-one is allowed to vote. According to Brown, the Constitution of the United States has no clause that the term ‘slavery’ is directly cited. Article 1, Section 2 of the constitution apportioned tax and enumeration of representatives of Congress according to whole number of free persons (The Birthright Question 106). Therefore, slavery included the three-fifth of total number of people counted. The Congress bounded such people to slavery for a period of one thousands and ninety nine years. The constitution gave primary rights to government to the states rather than federal government (The Birthright Question 107). Therefore, the southern states declared their withdrawal from the union. These happened when Abraham Lincoln voiced his support for the states right of withdrawal. In 1854, establishment of the Republic Party was to stop slavery in America and this contributed to Abraham Lincoln elected as the president of America. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern state seceded from the union leading to the Republican Party and the northern states having absolute control of the federal government (The Birthright Question 108). In 1862, the congress passed laws to confiscate all slaves from the southern states therefore using the freed slaves as soldiers to fight against the southern state. The Civil war between the states

The Toyota Prius Essay Example for Free

The Toyota Prius Essay The microenvironment consists of actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers- the company, suppliers, marketing, intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics. During the introduction and sale of the Toyota Prius, four major sectors of the microenvironment attributed to its success: The company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, and publics. Toyota’s customer driven marketing strategy is largely responsible for its success in the hybrid car market. Forward thinking and focus on the societal and marketing concepts allowed for the company to deliver superior customer value to its customers. Management’s focus on the world’s dependence on gasoline and perceived customer value proved to be useful tools in understanding the more environmentally conscious and non-affluent mindsets of consumers. Sleek Asian- inspired design, a roomy interior, and expensive interior options and features usually only found in luxury vehicles, provided customers with the superior value of luxury at a desirable price. Toyota’s value delivery network is also crucial to daily operations. The timely delivery of cars to manufactures helped to avoid bottlenecks and supply shortages which are often seen with products gaining rapid market share. Delays, labor strikes, and loss of suppliers can seriously disrupt the supply chain, cost sales in the short run and damage customer satisfaction in the long run. Working closely with its suppliers, Toyota is able to strengthen relationships to insure it receives the lowest costs; thus, providing more customer value for its customers. Marketing intermediaries such as media publics, government publics, and the general public play a pivotal role in Toyota’s Prius sales. Due to the economic and environmental forces facing the world today, media publics depict the company as doing a good service for the world, gaining governmental support and enticing the general public to purchase the Prius with the sense that they are doing their part to reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels and preserving the environment. In 2007 Toyota sold 181,000 Priuses in the US alone, a 70 percent increase over 2006 sales with little promotional effort. This implies that media, government and the general public played a large role in creating customer awareness, and Toyota’s dedication to its customer driven marketing strategy and value supply chain provided its customers with the best value. Which technical and economic forces affect the marketing of the Toyota Prius? The economic environment consists of factors that affect the consumer’s purchasing power and spending patterns. Marketers must pay close attention to major trends and consumer patterns in domestic and global markets. One economic force facing the entire world is our dependence on gasoline and the price that it costs. For Toyota, the release of the Prius was designed to gain market share by doing exactly that: saving the consumer money on gasoline purchases. While the national average per car in 2001 was 25 miles per US gallon (9.4 l/100 km) in the United States, the Prius boasted as staggering 42 miles per gallon. With the current strain on North American consumers, high unemployment, companies downsizing due to technological advances, recessions, and price inflation, it is not hard to see why consumers would favor a car that saves you money at the pump. Not to mention, the price of gasoline was a record $4.12 in 2008 and during that time the financial meltdown had left many consumers out of work and looking for ways to make ends meet. Gasoline is a finite commodity, and it is prone to drastic swings dependent on the global macroeconomic picture and supply chain distributions. Toyota understands that customers don’t like to be held sway to these forces and it will continue to imply this strategy in its marking to insure future sales. Technical advances also played a very important role in Toyota’s success. The Prius’ combination of power sources, a rechargeable battery, and low gas consumption made it instantly appealing to consumers. Without the technological advances in hybrid systems and lithium batteries, the Prius would be much less effective and would not have gained market share so quickly. Advancements in LED screens, GPS, touch screen displays and other high tech gadgets made them more affordable, giving the Prius the interior of a luxury car at an appealing price. Though as technology advances and once luxury items become more common place and affordable, new advancements in technology might pose a threat to the company in the future. Toyota must reinvest in research and development in hybrid technology to maintain its current market share. A value network is defined as the network made up of the company, suppliers, distributors, and ultimately customers who â€Å"partner† with each other to improve the performance of the entire system. A value network for a company as big as Toyota plays a critical role in delivering customer satisfaction. The Toyota Prius value delivery network begins with the company Toyota itself. Strong management, design, and marketing must all coalesce to ensure that the Prius is designed and marketed properly. Internal research, development and innovation are crucial in maintaining market share and increasing share of the customer in such a competitive industry. Day to day operations must run smoothly at Toyota in order for it to focus on new product ideas and promotional efforts. However, many companies must look beyond their own value chain and focus on external factors facing the company. Once Toyota is ready to proceed with the construction of the Prius, it must work closely with supp liers. Relationship management is crucial in receiving external parts such as LCD screens, dashboard displays, sound systems, and other features of the luxurious interior of the Prius at lost cost. This is crucial in maintaining an attractive cost to consumers. Timely delivery of these parts is also of extreme importance as faulty products could cause costly recalls and delays of product deliveries could set Toyota’s production behind schedule, delaying distribution, and ultimately damaging the reputation of the company and hurting sales. The companies that Toyota chooses to affiliate itself with, is also of extreme importance. New technological advances in RD design could help give Toyota an advantage over its competition and faulty equipment could cause costly recalls. Toyota must continually strive to improve its product and actively manage its business portfolio to achieve its goals and increase its long term share of the marketplace. With a total of 2.8 million Priuses having been sold worldwide as of October 2012, Toyota knows that distribution is a huge part of its success. Customers flock to showrooms and car dealership to get their hands on Priuses. Toyota knows that its customers must be able to purchase their products easily and that waiting lists and other delays could hurt the relationship with its customers. With strong competition from other electric car manufactures such as the Chevy Volt and the Tesla Roadster, proper manufacturing, timely and cost effective deliveries of products to Toyota, and global distribution of its products is the key to generating customer satisfaction and ultimately increasing market share. What is the market orientation of the Prius? The Prius shares characteristics of three of the five major market orientations: the product concept, the marketing concept, and the societal concept. Toyota shows that it is deeply dedicated to improving product quality, performance, and innovation. In the competitive world of the electric car, innovation is extremely important. Toyota has displayed this with the improved gas conservation and better battery power of the newer models of the Prius. The company also knows the needs and wants of its customers more so than its competitors. This dedication to the marketing orientation is a big reason why the Prius is one of the best selling cars in the world. The marketing orientation that stands out for the Prius is its dedication the societal concept. Toyota knows that gasoline is a finite commodity and that the days of the gas guzzling SUV’s are coming to an end. Toyota’s dedication to long term societal and environmental effects is one of the key points of the marketing strategy for the Prius. Its saves the consumer money, but it is also better for the environment. Forward thinking, such as environmentally stable, eco-friendly green cars is clearly the wave of the future for the automobile industry. Toyota’s dedication to the societal orientation will insure that the company stays focused on the long term effects of its products and will be better prepared for future challenges. A company’s â€Å"value proposition† is the set of benefits of values it promises to deliver to customers to satisfy their needs. Toyota’s Prius has differentiated itself by offering a solution to consumers who are uncomfortable with the current price of gasoline. By focusing on cleaner, greener energy, the Toyota Prius has captured market share from many of its competitors in the automotive industry, and left many companies wondering how they can reduce their carbon footprint and improve their image. The value to owning a Prius doesn’t stop at the pump. The Prius is stylish, roomy, and packed with luxury options in the interior creating a strong sense of satisfaction for customers. Toyota is selling a vehicle, but it is also selling an experience. It ultimately lies in the satisfaction customers get from driving the product and the feeling that is created knowing that you are doing your part to save the environment. Why buy a Prius? It’s simple. In a world as congested and polluted as the world we live in today, why not do your part to save our environment and reduce global warming? The answer to many consumers questions is: the Prius. Works Cited Kotler,Armstrong,Cunningham,Thrifts: Principles of Marketing 8th Canadian Edition, Pearson Canada, 2010. Print. Fuel economy, January 29th,2013 Patrick Dehaan, Jason Toews, Feburary 2013 http://gasbuddy.com/gb_retail_price_chart.aspx Toyota Prius sales, February 7th, 2013

Stability and Control of Nonlinear Systems

Stability and Control of Nonlinear Systems The following system was provided to study about passivity, asymptotic stability, and input to state stability properties at conditions. The given system of differential equation for analysis is given below Also, The state space representation of the system is as follows. Let, Similarly Hence Based on the system equation is given by Similarly, based on the state space representation The state of system , where n=4, where m=2 and where p=2. Hence p=m.   A dissipative system with respect to supply rate is said to be passive, if The Lyapunov function for the system is given as Hence with respect to definition of state variables, it can be rewritten as Hence, Also, based on the definition of S, For the given system , hence the lossless system, is passive from u to y. The PD feedback controller of the system with and is represented as Hence the state space representation of the system, is given by The modified Lyapunov function with potential energy is given by It can be observed that V(x) is differentiable (V: R4 → R and a C1 function). Based on the equation of V(x) it can be observed that, The term and all other terms are quadratic in nature.   Hence where Hence V(x) is positive definite. Let V(x) is bounded by V(x)≠¤M, where M à Ã‚ µ R, then it implies that ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ Hence V(x) is radially unbounded. The derivative of V(x) can be obtained as follows Upon substitution and solving the equations, At It can be observed that Based on the above equation, it can be observed that It can be observed that , has only quadratic terms with a negative sign prefixed hence where Hence is negative definite. The equilibrium point of the system at is given by Hence origin is the only equilibrium point of the system. Based on the above observations, it can be concluded that the system is globally asymptotically stable at the origin. The given systems were simulated for different values of   and , modified one at a time with other disturbance set to zero and the initial condition set at origin. The following observations can be found from subplots of and Hence the disturbance in both the coordinates of the system are additive in nature. It can be observed that, whenever initial state of the system set to origin and disturbance is induced in one of the coordinate ( or ), the other coordinate of the system is not disturbed. Figure 1 State of System with disturbance at origin with rd=0 Figure 2 State of System with disturbance at origin with thd=0 The Figure 3 indicates the state of the system, when is modified from -5 to 5 with , with the initial condition as x = {7,3,5,1}.   The settling time of the system varies with the magnitude of disturbance and the initial condition.   Also, it can be observed from the plot of that the system settles to a point which is offset from the origin (equilibrium) by the value of disturbance.   Also, the settling time of the system is more for d=-c, when compared to d=c. Also, disturbance in one of the coordinate (), has its effect in another coordinate. Figure 3 State of System with rd=0 at x = [7,3,5,1] The observations of disturbance induced in when , is applicable for the disturbance induced in with    Also, it can be observed from Figure 4 that the settling time of the system is higher when a disturbance is induced in r-coordinate, when compared to -coordinate. Figure 4 State of System with thd = 0 at x = [7,3,5,1] The effect of having both and was observed by simulating the system response for and . Also, it can be observed that settling time of the system is similar to disturbance induced only in the r-coordinate. Figure 5 State of System with thd = -5, rd=5 at x = [7,3,5,1] In all the above plots, it can be observed from the subplot of that the settling point of state as t→, and , indicating that the state of the system tracks the input in the respective coordinate. It can also be observed from the previous plots for d=0, system exhibits the property of global asymptotic stability to the origin (equilibrium point).   Also, , the state implies the Bounded Input Bounded State property of the system. The input to state stability of the closed loop system with respect to and for the system was validated by adding a destabilizing feedback with and . The function k(x) of the disturbance is selected, such that the power transferred to the system is maximized, which can be performed when   . From the above equation, it can be observed that the power transferred to the system can be maximized by choosing same sign of with c≠¥0.   The nature of system response for different range of c is listed in the Table 1 below. Table 1 System Response for Variation in c at initial condition of [7,3,5,1]] Value of c Observation c ≠¤ 1.99 The energy of the system decreases initially, indicated by the plot of Lyapunov function shown in Figure 6 and the same result can be observed on the plot of r and ÃŽ ¸, where the magnitude decreases initially and oscillates with the bounded magnitude, for the bounded input indicated in plot of theta-d. c>1.99 For c=5, the energy of the system increases, indicated by the plot of Lyapunov function shown in Figure 7 and the plot of r and ÃŽ ¸ indicates that the magnitude continues to increases resulting in unbounded state for the bounded input indicated in plot of theta-d.   Also, it can be observed that the rate of increase in energy of the system, decreases with time. Figure 6 State of System at c=1.75 The system is not Input to state stable (ISS) for c>1.99 and Figure 7 indicates a system which is not ISS for c=5.   The value of transition from bounded state to unbounded state was observed at c=1.93 for an initial point of [1,2,1,2].   Based on the above observation, the transition value of c is dependent of initial condition (energy) of the system. Figure 7 State of System at c=5 The PD control used in the r-coordinate is modified as The simulations were carried out, to identify the properties of ISS satisfied by the system, with respect to and as inputs.   All the simulations were carried out with respect to the initial condition x0 = (7,3,5,1) Condition 1: The system is evaluated with zero disturbance and , the result is indicated in Figure 8. Figure 8 System with Zero Disturbance For the no disturbance conditions, it can be observed that the system is asymptotically stable about the origin (equilibrium), indicating the Global asymptotic stability of the system about the origin.   Also from the plot of Lyapunov function, it can be observed that the energy of the system settles down to zero. Condition 2: The destabilizing feedback input used in question 5 for the system was fed to the system and it its response is indicated in figure Figure 9 State of System at c=5 with modified PD Control The following observations can be made with respect to figure For an input , the state , indicating bounded input bounded state property of the system. It can be observed that, though the energy of the system increases initially, but upper bounded over a period.   The energy and the state of the system gets bounded over period of simulation.   Hence for the bounded input, state of the system is bounded. Also, the system exhibits property of asymptotic gain, since the state of the system is upper bounded by disturbance with gain of the system. Also, it was observed that though the system is ISS for the c=5, as the value of c increases energy of the system increases (example for c=10, v(x) is upper bounded to 10,000).   Hence modifying the PD control, makes the system ISS for a larger range of disturbances, when compared to earlier control. Condition 3: The system was fed with the input Figure 10 State of system rd=0 and theta d=5*exp(t) It can be observed from the plot that d(t)→ 0 as , also aysmptotically.   Hence the system indicates the property of converging input, converging state. The response of the system was evaluated with different possible inputs for , such as , the state of the system x1, x3 was chosen based on observations made in earlier simulations (q5) where predominantly these states grew out of bound Similarly, the above input conditions were simulated with =0 and defined as one of the input, few combinations of the above input disturbances and few possible system interconnections such as positive feedback interconnection, negative feedback interconnection, series interconnection. System response for various types of disturbance Constant Disturbance The disturbance of the system is set to constant values, as indicated in Figure 5 Figure 11 State of system at theta d=-5 rd=5 It can be observed from the plot of Figure 11 and Figure 5 that the settling time of system in r-coordinate has reduced almost by half, when compared to previous control. Positive Feedback Interconnection The disturbance input condition is mentioned below and the system response is shown in Figure 12 Figure 12 System Response for Positive Feedback Interconnection The state of the system indicates the converging nature, also it can be observed that after the transient period system follows the input. Series Interconnection The system is connected in series, with the following disturbance input configuration for each of the subsystem and the plot for the same is shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 System Response for Series Interconnection It can be observed that the behavior of the system is similar with respect to condition 2, but the energy of the system settles down at a higher level when compared to the similar condition with System with different disturbances acting simultaneously The type of disturbance added to the system is given below and the response of the system is shown in figure Figure 14 System response of simultaneous time varying disturbance It can be observed that the system exhibit the property of bounded input bounded state, even if the disturbance is of time varying. In all the above simulation conditions, it was observed that the system exhibits bounded state nature for a wider range of inputs with higher magnitude, when compared to the PD control implemented earlier.   This phenomenon can be attributed to the cubic terms with the negative sign, as it can reduce the rate at which energy of the system increases, before it goes out of bound. APPENDIX Code Used for Generation of Plots Contents Q4 Constant Value of Theta-d and r-d Q5 for ISS Q6 for ISS with new u2 Q4 Constant Value of Theta-d and r-d clc clear all close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=500;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); thd=[-5]; rd=[5]; for i=1:size(thd,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚   for j=1:size(rd,2)%-29:30:31   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=thd(i);  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=rd(j);  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqn,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,4))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚   end end Q5 for ISS clc close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=10000;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); x1=ip;    global c;    cval=[1.92]   %1.993 is transition point    for i=1:size(cval,2)    c=cval(i);   %4.0125   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=0;  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=0;  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqnvx,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,4))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   thdin=c.*sign(x(:,2));   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,thdin)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of theta-d)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,6)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vxfn=(1/2).*(((x(:,3).^2)+1).*(x(:,2).^2)+(x(:,4).^2)+(x(:,1).^2)+(x(:,3).^2));   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,vxfn)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot Lyapunov Function)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(v(x))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor    end Q6 for ISS with new u2 clc close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=100;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); x1=ip;    global c;    cval=[5]   %1.993 is transition point    for i=1:size(cval,2)    c=cval(i);   %4.0125   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=0;  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=0;  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqnr,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r) Function for constant disturbance function dx = deeqn(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1);x(4);x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d]; end System with Destabilizing Feedback function dx = deeqnvx(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; global c; x1d=c.*sign((+1).*x(2));; dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1); x(4); x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d]; end Function with new u2 and old u1 function dx = deeqnr(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; global c; x1d=x(4);%c.*sign((+1).*x(2));; x3d=x(2); dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1);x(4);x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d-(x(3).^3)+(x3d.^3)]; end Published with MATLAB ® R2016b

Importance of Making a Marketing Plan to Start-up Business

Importance of Making a Marketing Plan to Start-up Business The Importance of Making a Marketing Plan for a Company to Start-up Businesses Chapter 1 Overall Introduction A marketing plan is a document that is written when a company is being set up and which provides a clear analysis and assessment of the market. Whether you are opening a special restaurant, or establishing an Internet company, making a good marketing plan is the first step. The more accurate the plan, the more opportunities can be won. The marketing plan is not just for investors, but also for the company itself and its products. So, it is important to know where the market opportunities lie, how to design products, and how to make customers more willing to buy these products. A marketing plan needs to address several key questions, such as who are the competitors; how to beat these rivals; how to prepare enough resources about customer buying habits to enable enterprises to keep a steady stream of sales revenue; how to manage the company and how many staff to hire; how to assign jobs to them; how to set up departments. Making a marketing plan is a complex but useful activity for most companies, to say nothing of setting up a new business in the market. This paper does not mention all aspects about the marketing plan but it will give detailed explanations about the importance of making a marketing plan and some specific cases study to analyse it. Establishing a successful satisfying marketing plan will benefit some businesses. Moreover, it suits for all businesses, big or small, to converge effort toward or meet in a common purpose and determination, which will promote teamwork. At the same time, whatever a company wants to get from a business, the business can continue without clients. Marketing plan being based on understanding marketing value can help a company to appeal and hold more customers. Chapter 2 Rationales Introduction This chapter will give the reasonable reasons why it is important making a marketing plan for a company to start-up businesses. It focuses on the topic and outlines more explanations in details. Technology Innovation With the rapid development of technology, doing marketing plans could make full use of various materials. It was not known that how much influence the technology has made to marketing plans. For instance, if there is no advanced technology, it will be easy to be ignored that the plan was just written on paper for start-up businesses. This paper will give an explanation about the impact of technological development on marketing plans. Business Expansion Companies have always been looking for opportunities to increase profits. For different businesses, the role of marketing plan is not the same. Sometimes a good marketing plan may possibly help to promote sales of existing products and explore emerging markets. For example, the reason for doing a marketing plan can be to determine which market offers the best opportunities to rise for trades in a short term. Public Psychology There are generally unpredictable risks in start-up businesses. Public psychology is normally that they want to know the problems in advance and take some measures to avoid before happening. It is very necessary and effective for these people to make a well-prepared marketing plan. This paper aims to provide sufficient reasons for those who want to prepare in advance of starting a business. Chapter 3 Literature Review Introduction The purpose of this section is to provide different literature evaluations, which gives the definition of marketing planning and explains the importance of making a marketing plan for a company to start-up businesses. The main information was taken by these literature views in several books in DKIT library. Overview of Marketing Planning Global commerce, sophisticated technology, and markets are the main trend in society nowadays, which can be changed at the click of a mouse. Marketing is a dynamic function that companies needed. The gradual change is an important reason that marketers can rely upon what is presenting a new product or developing an active marketing strategy, which is the most cost-effective way to take advantage of an emerging occasion. The cases of Reflect.com and Achieva can be considered, which is that these two companies directors are also underlined that making a complete marketing plan is the key point to start up a new business. (Burk Wood, 2003) Proctor mentions that it is necessary to adopt a systematic way to arrange and carry out sales strategies. It bases on making a reasonable and effective plan. Besides, a full marketing plan includes several subsidiary plans which supplement some information detailed so as to targets having been determined can be achieved better. (Proctor, 2000) The Definition of Marketing Planning Burk Wood defined marketing planning as the organized procedure of exploring and making analysis about the marketing condition; emerging and recording marketing strategies, intentions, and platforms; and executing, assessing, and commanding events to complete the purposes. The consequence is the marketing plan, a paper in this organized method that explains what can be gained from the marketplace and shows what will be carried out for a company to reach its marketing objects. (Burk Wood, 2003) Whats more, Burk Wood presents what is the organized procedure to make a marketing plan, which makes a series of compatible marketing choices and movements for a certain company during a long term. (Burk Wood, 2013) Meanwhile, McDonald and Wilson give the definition in this process is the purpose of completing marketing objectives, which can make marketing plan to be the deliberate submission of marketing resources. Marketing plan is basically a reasonable structure and a variety of programs result in the environment of marketing objectives and the preparation of a plan to complete them. (McDonald Wilson, 2011) Making a marketing plan is the combinative and coordinative action, which concentrates on a companys activities. The calculated and deliberate resolutions should be made based on company and function levels. That can present systematic, logical and practical ideas in a marketing plan, which can lead to the right track when a company meet the barriers. (Drummond Ensor, 2001) The Advantage of Marketing Plan Burk Wood describes that the customers are primary kept focused on in marketing plan, which can lead you to decide what your company will do and what it wont do for customers, and supports you to inspect offerings in the background of competition and the marketing situation, and establish rationales to do the allocation of resources for realizing marketing proficiency and value. (Burk Wood, 2002) In addition, McDonald provides a result that marketing plan is vital in which a company need to control the gradually aggressive and difficult situation. The great mass of managers considers that marketing plan with some formal processes benefits improve this reasonableness in order to reduce the difficulties of business processes and offer practical measurements to the future development of company. Most corporations depend only upon estimation of sales and systems of budget due to the complexity and difficulty. (McDonald, 2002) The Importance of Marketing Plan There is little research experienced getting connection between the equality and achievement of plan system to evaluate if increase a market share or assess with reference of advanced cost-effectiveness. Moreover, from Capon, Farley and Hulberts study (1988), it shows that there is no positive correlation among a marketing plan and performance standard. However, a company making a structure plan has less change in profitability than other companies without it. Providing another study of Stasch and Lanktree (1980), it benefits from a sample of six companies, which found a common optimistic relationship existing among results of a marketing plan and various standards of performance evaluation. Most administrators consider that a marketing plan provides many invisible advantages while relating directly between a marketing plan and marketing performance improved is so difficult, such as carrying out serious ways for strategies development and make sure of considering outside environment. (Lehmann Winer, 2008) A large quantity of external and internal aspects influences the ability of accomplishing cost-effective transactions in a confusing way. There is little doubt that it is very important to make a marketing plan when a growing number of aggressive and complex situation are considered for a company. Furthermore, most administrators believe that a formalized marketing plan can improve the reasonableness in order to reduce difficulties of transaction operations and increase possibilities to achieve the aim for company future hopes. Due to the large difficulties, it is well-known that most companies would rather depend on estimation of sales and systems of budget. However, it relates to opportunities and problems a company will meet in the market. It is more necessary and difficult to record the chances and strategies in a marketing plan for a company. (McDonald Wilson, 2011) Chapter 4 Research Methods Introduction The main information of this chapter is to introduce the methodology which the writer indicates so that make accomplishment for the research objective. By the way, a specific method will be analysed with some practices in businesses. Moreover, it will give the purposes that why the researcher takes this method and presents findings based on these cases. we can therefore define research as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2012) Qualitative Research Creswell (2002) describes that qualitative research is quite necessary in conditions where it is confusing what accurately is being found out in a research, so as to support the researcher consider what information is essential and what isnt. Denzin and Lincoln (2000) indicate that although quantitative research is normally known for what it should be observed previously a research starts. The research procedure can develop more detailed and make writer feel more clear about the topic of study with time progresses. Secondary Research This part mentions a supply of data, which are all provided from previous study papers, journalists, magazines and newsletter as well as daily commentary. Some cases are offered to give detailed analyses about the research topic. Dawson (2009) indicates that the secondary research method is very suitable for researcher who wants to save time and be economical. In addition, various information can be obtained quickly and conveniently, which is also accessible for public. However, there are few weaknesses which is impossible to be avoided for the secondary research method. For instances, if there was no enough investigation for current situation, some out of data would be substantively collected even without any value, which is not be related to researchers needs and not available. Online Data Describe Online comments will be collected from some website that presents various arguments by some social and business elite. If possible, the researcher will create a topic post on the business website that anyone can comment on. The post of online comments will be continued for 3 days. Temporarily, some realistic practices or business news will be offered from the internet. Example of Case This fragment will give the explanation about the importance of a marketing plan for a car company named Mustang in America. Chapter 5 Discoveries and Analyses Introduction This chapter refers to the writers findings and describe the result comprehensively standing the base of research process. Findings are taken from some cases and compare within different arguments about the topic from books being used in literature review finished in chapter 3. Due to these results, analyses are generally presented to help understanding the significance of making a marketing plan for a company. Chapter 6 Conclusion In conclusion, there are advantages and disadvantages to make a marketing plan for a company to start-up businesses. Through this research including to find and read several books relating the topic benefits for those who require to establish their own businesses. Chapter 7 References Burk Wood, M. (2003), The Marketing Plan: a Handbook. NJ: Prentice Hall. Proctor, T. (2000), Strategic Marketing: an introduction. London: Routledge. Burk Wood, M. (2013), Essential Guide to Marketing Planning. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. McDonald, M. Wilson, H. (2011), Marketing Plans: how to prepare them, how to use them. 7th ed. Chichester: Wiley. Drummond, G. Ensor, J. (2001), Strategic Marketing: planning and control. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Lehmann, D. Winer, R. (2008), Analysis for Marketing Plan. 7th ed. International ed. Boston; London: McGraw-Hill. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2012), Research Methods for Business Students. 6th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Creswell, J. (2002), Research Design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. 2nd ed. London: SAGE. Denzin, N., Lincoln, Y. (2000), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications Why Do I Need a Marketing Plan? (2016), The Australian Government Business, Australian, viewed 20 March 2017, [https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/develop-your-business-plans/marketing/why-do-i-need-a-marketing-plan]. Dawson, C. (2009), Introduction to Research Methods: a practical guide for anyone undertaking a research project. 4th ed. Oxford: How To Books.

Cause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understand

Cause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume states, â€Å"there is not, in any single, particular instance of cause and effect, any thing which can suggest the idea of power or necessary connexion† (Hume, 1993: 41). Hume establishes in section II that all ideas originate from impressions that employ the senses (11). Therefore, in order for there to be an idea of power or â€Å"necessary connexion,† there must be impressions of this connection present in single instances of cause and effect; if there are no such impressions, then there cannot be an idea of â€Å"necessary connexion† (52). To illustrate his statement, Hume examines four situations: bodies interacting in the world, mind causing actions of the body, mind causing ideas of ideas, and God as the source of power. I will highlight Hume’s reasons and outline his arguments to establish that there is no â€Å"connexion† between cause and effect on the basis of singl e instances. Hume’s first reflection focuses on worldly bodies. Assuming that a â€Å"necessary connexion† exists between cause and effect, this effect could be determined, without prior experience, through reasoning, upon observation of the cause alone. We, however, observe the body and we observe the effect on the body or system but â€Å"the power or force, which actuates the whole machine [universe or chain of effects] is entirely concealed from us, and never discovers itself in any of the sensible qualities of body† (42). Hence, this situation demonstrates no impression of, and therefore no idea of, â€Å"necessary connexion† in â€Å"single instances of their (bodies) operation† (42). The second reflection in... ...out being ever able to comprehend any thing like connexion between them† (46). He expresses that this conjunction through similar experience is what allows us to relate cause and effect relatively accurately. On the other hand, Hume entertains the situation that â€Å"it is God himself, †¦ which we erroneously attribute to our own power and efficacy† (47). Hume argues that â€Å"there must arrise a strong suspicion †¦ (when we arrive at) conclusions so extraordinary, and so remote from common life and experience† (48). Further, Hume illustrates that no matter how ignorant we are â€Å"of the manner in which bodies operate on each other† we are equally ignorant of the supreme mind; we should reject the more unintelligible prospect (48). Works Cited Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 2nd edition. Hackett Publishing: Indianapolis. 1993. Cause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understand Cause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume states, â€Å"there is not, in any single, particular instance of cause and effect, any thing which can suggest the idea of power or necessary connexion† (Hume, 1993: 41). Hume establishes in section II that all ideas originate from impressions that employ the senses (11). Therefore, in order for there to be an idea of power or â€Å"necessary connexion,† there must be impressions of this connection present in single instances of cause and effect; if there are no such impressions, then there cannot be an idea of â€Å"necessary connexion† (52). To illustrate his statement, Hume examines four situations: bodies interacting in the world, mind causing actions of the body, mind causing ideas of ideas, and God as the source of power. I will highlight Hume’s reasons and outline his arguments to establish that there is no â€Å"connexion† between cause and effect on the basis of singl e instances. Hume’s first reflection focuses on worldly bodies. Assuming that a â€Å"necessary connexion† exists between cause and effect, this effect could be determined, without prior experience, through reasoning, upon observation of the cause alone. We, however, observe the body and we observe the effect on the body or system but â€Å"the power or force, which actuates the whole machine [universe or chain of effects] is entirely concealed from us, and never discovers itself in any of the sensible qualities of body† (42). Hence, this situation demonstrates no impression of, and therefore no idea of, â€Å"necessary connexion† in â€Å"single instances of their (bodies) operation† (42). The second reflection in... ...out being ever able to comprehend any thing like connexion between them† (46). He expresses that this conjunction through similar experience is what allows us to relate cause and effect relatively accurately. On the other hand, Hume entertains the situation that â€Å"it is God himself, †¦ which we erroneously attribute to our own power and efficacy† (47). Hume argues that â€Å"there must arrise a strong suspicion †¦ (when we arrive at) conclusions so extraordinary, and so remote from common life and experience† (48). Further, Hume illustrates that no matter how ignorant we are â€Å"of the manner in which bodies operate on each other† we are equally ignorant of the supreme mind; we should reject the more unintelligible prospect (48). Works Cited Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 2nd edition. Hackett Publishing: Indianapolis. 1993.

Free College Admissions Essays: Landscape Architecture :: College Admissions Essays

Landscape Architecture    How to create an environment suitable for human living when resources are limited is a challenging problem for modern society. My strong interest in photography and art has compelled me to become especially observant toward the relationship between human beings and the environment. I have come to realize that the environment we live in has suffered much damage from pollution and lacks competent planning, making it difficult to find beautiful scenery to photograph or sketch. I began to think that I could make use of my artistic gift, concern about, and interest in the environment by entering the field of landscape design and putting my effort into beautifying our surroundings. Therefore, after graduating from high school, I entered the Department of Landscape Architecture at ABC University.     ¡@ ¡@During my freshman year, I joined the school's mountaineering club, where I served as a guide and also as president of its photography group. I went to many mountainous areas and ecological preserves, and saw that Taiwan is rich in natural resources; but I also saw that these precious resources are gradually disappearing due to poor planning and illegal land use. This realization solidified my determination to learn concepts of environmental planning and design. Due to my lengthy contact with nature while climbing mountains, I knew that landscape designers should treat nature and residential areas with respect. Over the next two years, I learned more in-depth concepts of landscape design, enhanced my basic abilities in environmental planning, and started developing an interest in urban design. I received commendations from my professors for my performance and ideas. In addition, I served as administrative head of the department student association during these two years, re sponsible for planning our department exhibitions and intercollegiate activities for exchanging ideas about landscape design. This experience increased my teamwork abilities and efficiency in problem solving, which will be of great help in my future pursuits.     ¡@ ¡@The value of landscape education is not in its accumulation of knowledge, but rather in its methods for solving real-life problems. I believe that one must learn more than plain theory, and so in the summers after my freshman through junior years, I took part in internships in related fields, mainly in urban design. I was involved in planning, design, and implementation of landscaping projects, combining theory with practice. After graduation, I worked at XYZ Landscape Consultants as a designer.

Non-Conformism Is the Refusal to Conform Essay

Non-conformism is the refusal to conform to common standards, conventions, rules, customs, traditions, norms or laws. The bravest act of non-conformism I’ve seen would have to be, Malcolm X. During his life, Malcolm went from being a drug dealer and burglar to one of the most prominent Black Nationalist leaders in the United States; he was considered by some as a martyr of Islam and a champion of equality. As a militant leader, Malcolm X advocated black pride, economic self-reliance, and identity politics. He ultimately rose to become a world-renowned African American/Pan-Africanist and human rights activist. Throughout his life Malcolm X went through many transformations and through them all he still did not conform to what society expected of him. Malcolm (Little) X preached what he believed about racism, discrimination, and segregation. He went through many changes in his fight for equality. The three transformations that really changed the way Malcolm thought and preached where his transformation in prison, his transformation into the Islamic religion (following Elijah Muhammad), and the biggest transformation of all, his pilgrimage to Mecca. Malcolm had a lot of respect from those who believed in what he was preaching. He was a man who knew what he wanted and was going to change the way things were. Malcolm did not have the odds to make something of himself. He overcame those odds and became one of the most inspiring and important people in the struggle for equality. Every one should learn from the way Malcolm turned his life around for the better and how he made an impact on those around him. Malcolm (Little) X is definitely one of the people who made the biggest impact on the 20th Century. We have come along way since Malcolm’s assassination in the struggle for quality. We still have a ways to go before his final goal is reached.

Medision river Essay

Medicine River chronicles the lives of a group of contemporary First Nations people in Western Canada. The novel is divided into eighteen short chapters. The story is recounted by the protagonist, Will, in an amiable, conversational fashion, with frequent flashbacks to earlier portions of his life. In the novel, Medicine River, Thomas King creates a story of a little community to reflect the whole native nation. A simple return of Will’s makes the little town seem to be more colourful. â€Å"Medicine River makes non-native readers think a little longer and harder about the lives of the first people they live among and the places they inhabit. † Although Will enters the town as a foreigner, he eventually becomes part of the community. Medicine River shows the history of Canada and teaches readers to learn from the past experience in order to become better people. Will meets Louise who becomes an unfulfilled love interest that very much represents Will’s existence, a series of half-fulfilled expectations. That is, he develops an ongoing relationship with Louise and her daughter, South Wing, for whom Will becomes a kind of father-figure. It has been included on the high school reading curriculum in many Canadian jurisdictions. One advisor writes, â€Å"It is a humorously told ‘homecoming novel’ that echoes an oral storytelling style, yet at the same time, debunks any kind of stereotypical ‘cultural voice. ‘ Although the protagonist is a middle-aged man, the novel is appropriate for young people, simply because of the way it is written, drawing in any audience. â€Å"[1]The Aesthetic of Talk in Thomas King’s Medicine River By: Robinson, Jack; Studies in Canadian Literature/Etudes en Litterature Canadienne, 2006; 31 (1): 75-94. There Is No Bentham Street in Calgary: Panoptic Discourses and Thomas King’s Medicine River By: Stratton, Florence; Canadian Literature, 2005 Summer; 185: 11-27. ‘Stay Calm, Be Brave, Wait for the Signs’: Sign-Offs and Send-Ups in the Fiction of Thomas King By: Hirsch, Bud; Western American Literature, 2004 Summer; 39 (2): 145-75. Steinbeck’s Influence upon Native American Writers By: Hadella, Paul. IN: Shillinglaw and Hearle, Beyond Boundaries: Rereading John Steinbeck. Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama P; 2002. pp. 87–97 Purana Narratology and Thomas King: Rewriting of Colonial History in The Medicine River and Joe the Painter and the Deer Island Massacre By: Vahia, Aditi H. ; Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 2002; 22 (1): 65-80. The Art That Will Not Die: The Story-Telling of Greg Sarris and Thomas King By: Mackie, Mary Margaret; Dissertation, U of Oklahoma, 2001. Time Out: (Slam)Dunking Photographic Realism in Thomas King’s Medicine River By: Christie, Stuart; Studies in American Indian Literatures: The Journal of the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures, 1999 Summer; 11 (2): 51-65. Beyond the Frame: Tom King’s Narratives of Resistment By: Peters, Darrell Jesse; Studies in American Indian Literatures: The Journal of the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures, 1999 Summer; 11 (2): 66-79. Thomas King: A Trickster Healing through Humour By: Pascual Soler, Nieves. IN: Alvarez Maurin, Broncano Rodrigues, Fernandez Rabadan, and Garrigos Gonzalez, Actas III Congreso de la Sociedad Espanola para el Estudio dos Estados Unidos/Spanish Association for American Studies (SAAS): Fin de Siglo: Crisis y nuevos principios/Century Ends, Crises and New Beginnings. Leon, Spain: Universidad de Leon; 1999. pp. 299–305 Status, Mixedbloods, and Community in Thomas King’s Medicine River By: Mackie, Mary M. ; Journal of American Studies of Turkey, 1998 Fall; 8: 65-71. Coyote Agape: Thomas King’s Working for Love By: La Bossiere, Camille R. ; River Review/La Revue Riviere: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Arts and Ideas/Revue Multidisciplinaire d’Arts et d’Idees, 1995; 1: 47-57. ‘Tell Our Own Stories’: Politics and the Fiction of Thomas King By: Walton, Percy; World Literature Written in English, 1990 Autumn; 30 (2): 77-84. Lavalley, Giselle Rene (1996). â€Å"One Tricky Coyote†: The fiction of Thomas King (M. A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. References[edit] Jump up ^ Renate Eigenbrod, Georgina Kakegamic and Josias Fiddler, â€Å"Aboriginal Literatures in Canada: A Teacher’s Resource Guide†, 2003 Jump up ^ â€Å"Medicine River: Review†. TV Guide. Retrieved 8 February 2011. External links[edit] Medicine River at the Internet Movie Database Spirit Rider at the Internet Movie Database Categories: 1989 booksNovels by Thomas KingNative American novelsNovels set in Canada Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Edit links This page was last modified on 18 July 2013 at 22:44