'Pottery in the Philippines Essay\r'

'I. INTRODUCTION\r\n clayw are is defined as the device or slyness of a potter to manufacture material from which clayware ware is made. It can be made from earthenware, porcelain or stoneware. harmonize to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), clayware is defined as all fired ceramic wares that contain frame materials. pottery uses the Great Compromiser and whitethorn sometimes be mixed with other materials to cultivate the clay physical structure. Clay bodies differ in somatogenic stages during the qualification of pottery. Earthenware, an example, is made of clay produced in a swampy arena or in pass fields approximately riverbanks. The care for of pottery involves forming or shaping a clay body into your in demand(p) shape. It is then heated to high temperatures in a kiln that removes excess water thereby hardening the clay and setting it to a permanent shape. For esthetic purposes, the clay body may be decorated forward or after the firing proces s. Kneading the clay body is an important step prior to shaping the clay. It ensures an purge distri neverthelession of moisture content and removes the air bubbles pin down within the clay body. clayware is put up in al close to all archaeological sites. In fact, pottery has provided archaeologists with information about the yesteryear, mainly about interchange and technology.\r\nII. SCOPE AND LIMITATION\r\nThe focus of this report card will be pottery and its evolution through time. The paper will be limited to Philippine pottery only.\r\nIII. EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST clayware\r\nThe emergence of pottery in the Philippines indicates the complexity of ethnical development during the neolithic Period. Like the rest of the early stack in other pliberal arts of the world, the early man and fair sex in the Philippines were also highly dependent on nature. Nature provided them with the basic necessities guideed for survival. In rather times, vessels such as leaves and tree bar ks were apply in gathering food. Not long after, the early people learned to cook using the vessels. According to Valdes (Pang-alay), globe disc all overed the properties of clay and how it hardens when tempered with sand and fire.\r\nIV. superannuated RITUALS IN POTTERY\r\nBefore the Spaniards set find fault in the Philippines and spread Christianity, the early Filipinos were pagan worshippers. paganism refers to indigenous religious traditions wherein people worshipped animals and deities. The denudation of pottery led them to fashion effigies called tao-tao by the Visayans and likha or larawan by the Tagalogs.\r\nIn paganism, they offer special offerings of fruits and perfumes to appease the spirits they worship. It was believed that refusing to offer special presents to the spirits would vexation them and bring illness and misfortune. The offerings were placed in earthenware pottery and offered in the fields for the spirits.\r\nThe early Filipinos also believed in life a fter death. For this reason, they took special care of the stone- utterly and gave â€Å"pabaon” for their journey in the afterlife. The bereaved brought food contained in clay vessels or palayok as offerings (Fox, 1959). The clay pots that were used as ritual vessels were the same pots used in their daily life. As time passed, the designs of the vessels became finer and to a greater extent intricate.\r\nV. GOLDEN AGE OF POTTERY IN THE PHILIPPINES\r\nThe luxurious mount of Philippine pottery was ascertained to be during the period when the use of metals flourished, about 2000 years B.C., but some of the earliest pottery discovered date further back in the Neolithic duration when the development of horticulture and animal domestication dominated.\r\nThere is elfin of Philippine Neolithic pottery left surviving as stated by Jesus T. Peralta in his work, â€Å"pottery and Ceramics Excavated in the Philippines”. Some potteries excavated in sites wide spread in the Ph ilippines indicate original designs and attempts for aesthetic designs in their construction. During this time, pottery was made to suit ones need whether for household or burial needs.\r\nVI. POTTERY IN THE METAL AGE\r\nThe start of the Metal eon marked the development of pottery technology estimated to be between 500 B.C.E. and 900 C.E. Specific typologies of pottery surfaced. big pieces of burial jars were said to have appeared during this age. Evidences of pottery with puzzle out and intricate designs on their vessels that were prominent during this age were unearthed in Palawan. Apart from Palawan, the same markers were also name in Masbate, known as the Kalanay Complex site. The excavation was last by Dr. Wilhelm Solheim II in the 1950s where they found earthenware pottery.Evidences of pottery dating back to the Metal season were found in archaeological sites in Cebu by archaeologists from the University of San Carlos and the National Museum in the summer of 2011.\r\nVI. POTTERY AS USED FOR BURIALS\r\nFilipinos, in the past and in the present, to a great extent believe in the afterlife. Giving respect to the dead has been a custom from way back. Since Filipinos in the past believe in â€Å"pabaon”, the ceramic potteries they acquire from commerce with other countries like chinaware are hide together with their deceased loved ones. The ceramics were treated as valuables rather that for utilitarian purposes.\r\nBurial jars unearthed in the Philippines were go out back to the Neolithic Period. Anthropomorphism had become a dominant design. It is the personification or attribution of adult male characteristics to inanimate object, in this case, jars or pottery. These jars, made of earthenware, are designed like human figures complete with facial nerve characteristics. The Mannunggul jar, Maitum Anthopomorphic potteries, and Leta-leta potteries from Palawan have greatly contributed to the understanding of burial customs duty during the ea rly times.\r\nVII. INFLUENCE FROM OUTSIDE\r\nEvidences of contacts with Mainland and the rest of south East Asia were evident in trade and cultural exchanges. The production of domestic pottery became competitive increase the pressure on the international market in the South Seas (Peralta). clayware trades with China were most evident.\r\ntraditional ceramics are composed of clay minerals (i.e. porcelain), as wellhead as cement and glass. Ceramic artifacts have been profitable in archaeology for understanding culture, technology and appearance of people in the past since they are among the most common artifacts to be found. Sherd is a term referred to small fragments of broken pottery.\r\nDuring the Pre-Christian era, highly-fired ceramic wares were evident in China. Ceramic technology in the mainland was very march on and kaolin, very fine clay that can be fired to high temperatures, was the contributory factor. Kilns in China became known for their ability to produce temper atures well-above 1300°. Ceramics from China were deemed to be of superior quality and thus were preferred over low-fired ceramics from other lands.\r\nH. Otley Beyer mentioned the recovery of three-colored ceramic shards from Tang Dynasty in the Philippines that verified the early trade networks of the early Filipinos with Mainland Asia. According to text, the discovered shards were systematically excavated from sites giving way to a large drawback on the presence of Tang Dynasty ceramics. However, in the 1980s, a site in Laurel near the edge of Taal Lake in Batangas was excavated and shards of of polychrome glazed jars were recovered. colour glaze, obtained by using coloring agents such as copper, iron, manganese, and cobalt, was a product of Tang Dynasty.\r\nVIII. PHILIPPINE POTTERY AT PRESENT\r\nWith the development of technology, modern ways on how to do pottery have been developed. Pottery equipment machines have been invented to make pottery for industrial purposes. Neve rtheless, the art of pottery still struggles to live and strives to remain as a priceless piece of folk art.\r\nIn places across the country, the art of making pottery in the primordial way still lives on. In the state of passe, potters of Barangay Bari in Sibalom still adapt the traditional process of pottery. The potters, known as â€Å"manugdihon kang kuron”, have been famous for making good quality and durable pottery. Likewise, in an area in Vigan, Ilocos Sur known as Pagburnayan, traditional pottery methods are also practiced by workers.\r\nPottery is one of the most primordial arts that doed developed our culture. Preserving the traditional way of making pottery and keeping artifacts intact will also help in preserving Philippine tradition and culture that will benefit the future generations.\r\nREFERENCES\r\nFox, Robert B., â€Å"The Calatagan Excavations: two 15th speed of light Burial Sites in Batangas, Philippines”, Philippine Studies, Vol. 7, Manila, Ph ilippines; 1959 Valdes, Cynthia O.,â€Å"Pang-alay: Ritual Pottery in Ancient Philippines”, Makati City; 2003 Orton, Clive; Tyers, Paul and Vince, Alan, Pottery inArchaeology, Cambridge manuals in Archaeology; 1993 Ronquillo, Wilfredo P., Philippine Earthenware Pottery: An Overview â€Å"Pottery dating back to the Metal Age found in Cebu town”, Cebu Daily News; 05April2011 Callister, William D. and Rethwisch, David G., Materials acquirement and Engineering, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons; 2011 Eusebio Zamora Dizon, â€Å"An Iron Age in the Philippines? A critical examination” (January 1, 1988). Solheim, Wilhelm II G., â€Å"Further Notes on the Kalanay Pottery Complex in the Philippine Islands” Peralta, Jesus T. and De Santos, Arturo, Kayamanan: Pottery and Ceramics from the Arturo de Santos Collection, Central believe of the Philippines; 1908 Magbanua, Richard. Traditional Pottery Making in Antique Philippines.\r\n'