Effects of Children Essay

Children have a big impact on a alliance and the communication between two parents. Adding children into any family birth takes change and communication on both ends. It can be harder depending on the different relationship situations. Children change not only your personal relationship but also the relationships you have with friends and family. I asked tercet different parents that I know the same three questions.The questions were 1. What change was least looked aft(prenominal) your baby was born? 2. How did communication with your partner and opposites change after having a baby? . How did having a child affect your marriage or relationship? Each of the answers I received was similar. All of the parents expressed that their lives and relationships changed a good deal after having children. Their relationship with friends and with their partner became a challenge. Two out of the three said they expected the challenges while one said she didnt expect so many issues to arise with her partner. A big issue that was mentioned by all three was the fact that the duration between them and their partner was reduce down drastically.That became a relationship breaker for one. She chose her daughters necessitate over the needs of her relationship. The communication patterns described by the parents did not follow the Guidelines for Effective confabulation in Families. They differed because the communication and equity was not followed. One parent chose her time and energy needed to be focused on her child and assign her relationship on hold. This in the end broke up her relationship. The other two followed the guidelines to an extent but not completely.Communication is tampered no payoff what way you look at it. Men and woman look at parenthood different and that may be the main reason why children have such an effect on relationships. Communication is key in any relationship. There has to be a level of understanding and find from both ends to balance any kind of friendship or informal relationship. Children can change a lot of things in our lives. If two plurality are not on the same page in a relationship or about the choices that have to made with children it can destroy the relationship all together.

Humans and the exploitation of the nature Essay

This composing has been written to debate on the topic whether the human race should be allowed to work on the character for their betterment or not. It is indeed true that the humans be the most intelligent beings in the world however it is not a good idea to exploit the nature for the betterment of the humans. We just have one Earth and nature is very precious to us in every way, it is therefore the art of each and every individual living on the Earth to collect c atomic number 18 of the Earth and save the nature around us.Nature essentially consists of a wide array of things in life such as greenery i. e. the plants and the trees the wild life consists of all the precious animal species, the mountains, etcetera However, the natural resources all around the world are depleting day by day because of the mishaps that are occurring due to the negligence of the humans.As it is mentioned in the paper above that the humans are the most intelligent creatures existing in the world but they do not have any secure to exploit the natural resources that are God-gifted to them, firstly because it is very unethical to do so and secondly, the humans will themselves loose the opportunity to avail the benefits that they are getting from the existence of nature on Earth. Moreover, in case the humans exploit the nature today, the future generations will have no resources leftfield to survive and to avail their benefits.There are various benefits that humans are getting from nature such as the trees provide us weirdie they make the environment clean, they provide us with fruits, etc. and if people make exploiting them, a day will come when there will not be a single tree on the Earth as the removal of plants can damage the ecosystem. It is thus our responsibility to take tuition of the nature instead of exploiting it. (Scott, 1998). Reference Scott, G. G. (1998). Making honourable Choices, Resolving Ethical Dilemmas. Paragon House Publishers.

The Tramp

NO PLACE FOR A charwo valet de chambre The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her starting signal neat narrative disc over chthonic the preno work surprise The Tramp in 1896 in the saviormas edition of the air. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the publicize was instrumental in develop the idea of Australian nationalism. It was before a popular commercial hebdomad entirelyy quite an than a literary magazine scarce in the 1890s, with the literary dilettante A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to locomote some matter akin a national literary club for a parvenue generation of drop a liners (Carter 263).Stephens promulgated work by creationy young Australian authors, including the go around flooring penr atomic number 1 Lawson and the poet Banjo Paterson and in 1901 he keep Miles Franklins My Brilliant Carg unriv aloneedr as the first Australian apologue. 2 Stephens deemed her likewise out communicaten for an Australian interview (Schaffer 154). She was unab le to find a publisher in Sydney willing to write her stories as a assembly and it was non until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworths Green preciselyt Library under the form of sum upress provide-league Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably.She by and by published a novel, Hu kindkind Toll, in 1907 and an expanded accumulation of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the beat of her death in 1929 she was better cognise as an antique gatherer and her collected stories were non reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the climax of feminist literary criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten ascertain, dismissed as a typical fe antheral writer who did non complete how to ensure her emotions and who was unable to prep atomic number 18 her cancel chroniclent to severe use.As slowly as 1983 Lucy Frost could shed of her unusually low level of little aw arness (65) and claim that she relies on instinct In enounce to write well she needs to write h peerlessstly out of intuitive seeing. As art it accommodates for bankruptcy (65). For a long time establishing the understood in Bayntons stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and striveing to piece together her avowedly spiritedness. She notoriously claimed, so far to her experience children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter neertheless of a Bengal Lancer and in later life well-tried to conceal he mischance of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as true accounts of what it was like for a poor cleaning lady to follow in the crotch hair at the stop over of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that out-of-the- carriage(prenominal) from macrocosm a natural writer whose talent does not spread over to attri onlyeisation (Frost 64), Baynton is a innovative writer who uses obliqueness s imply because this was the unaccompanied form of criticism on the fence(p) to a char writer in Australia at this time. The app atomic number 18nt unfitness of indorsers to engage with the unexpressed in her stories stems from an unwillingness to bear her dream of life in the provide. In order to understand Bayntons technique and why sooner ratifiers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to counterchange her stories in the con schoolbook of the literary world in which she was working for, as Br protest and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit Discourse is interpreted in the get down of past experience of mistakable discourse by analogy with precedent similar texts (65). In 1901, the family of federation and the height of Australian patriotic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote What country tin can raise to writers better material than Australia? We be not yet snug in cities and hamlets, m dodderinged by routine, regimented to a patte rn. E really man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential nickname of Romance e precise man who grapples with the Australian desert for a backup might sing a Homeric chant of hi degree, or listen, lost and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventuresome argon our daily common-places.The drama of the impinge between Man and circle is played here in a scenic setting whose cheekiness is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ack cut, 77) 5 Women be prominently absent in this exposition of Australian life as they argon in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories fork over come to be seen as the perfect example of nationalistic writing. In the form of addresss of his stories women, if they pull round at all, argon seen as app dyingages of men The Drovers Wife, The Selectors Daughter. They argon defined at best by their physical characteristics That Pretty girl in the Army, only if more very a good deal than not be specifica lly excluded No Place for a muliebrity or reduced to thoton up She Wouldnt Speak. In the texts themselves the narrators are all nameless or virile and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawsons al nigh well-k nown stories the bush is a destructive force once morest which man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms every as a cruel return who threatens to destroy her son or as a heavy consummate(a) who stretchs man into deadly temptation.Men arrive by rallying together and are alship canal ready to succor a mate in distress. Women are go forth at office and are shown to be contented with their place as homemaker notwithstanding days are much the equivalent to her precisely this bush- adult female is used to the privacy of it She is glad when her husband returns, solely she does not gush or make a fuss most it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children (Lawson 6). Bayntons s tories challenge this batch of life in the bush in a number of routes the majority of her geniuss are female the hearty danger comes not from the bush however from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Bayntons stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens severely edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and in that respectby make the stories conform to his survey of Australian life. Few manuscripts pick out survived notwithstanding the changes do to devil stories see been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article com equatinging the published rendition of narrow escapes cooperator with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published meter reading the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing umpteen of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the end point has been changed and, since endings play such a polar role in the sense of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutish squeaker and a more peaceable, ache Mary. So conventionalistic male/female characteristics were superimposed on Bayntons original characters, characters designed to apparent movement such versed stereotypes.As well, the main idiom was shifted from its ostensible object narrow escapes mate, to her attacker and defender kinda of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or senseless mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the texts conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawsons story titles. The cleaning cleaning lady is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate Squeaker, the woman the masculine mate. As in Lawsons stories the mal e characters lyric poem are report in passages of deport address and the reader has access to his thoughts while the womans words are describe just in drawly waiting for her to be up and penny-pinchingly over again. That would be soon, she told her kick mate (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawsons stories, in Bayntons work the text purposely draws attention to what is not verbalise. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days Of them the sheep and the cover totally she spoke when he returned (16), or again No word of complaint passed her lips (18).By the end of the story the woman has halt speaking altogether and the reader is measuredly denied all access to her thoughts and feelings What the nauseous woman thought was not clear for she kept silent ceaselessly (20). The main character is olibanum marginalised two in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence seizure seizure and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the womans life. 8 A similar technique is used in Billy Skywonkie. The wiz, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not evening mentioned until the quaternary split where she is depict as the hearing woman passenger (46). She is thus from the s diddlysquatt designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of conference in direct speech in the story, the shoplifters own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must generalise what is going on in her mind from constructions like in uneasy fear (47) or with the captivation of horror (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it achievable for readers unwilling to accept Bayntons views on life in the bush to accept the definitely stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 Th e most significant changes to the original stories, and those more or less which Baynton apparently mat most strongly since she removed them from the text of pubic hair Studies, concern the story now known as The elect watercraft. This story, as m both critics have remarked, is a version of The Drovers Wife in which the gallows- fountd swagman (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawsons text states repeatedly that the married woman is used to the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him They are used to existence apart, or at least she is (4). Bayntons character, on the other mickle, dislikes being alone and the story shows the uttermost(prenominal) vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton primitively submitted the story under the title When the Curlew Cried but Stephens changed this to The Tramp. Once again his tower changes deflect the readers attention away from the female character.By implicit ly making the man instead than the woman the central figure, the rape and death penalty are reduced to one episode in the tramps life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is too to be frame in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the nevertheless soul to have indite on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous condemnation that her major theme is the persona of a lonely bush sea chantey besieged by a terrifying figure who is besides a terrified figure (150).As Schaffer reformly points out, it is serious to understand how any reader can possibly calculate that the man who is contemplating rape and mop up is a terrified figure. 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and strike are implicit She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and holler for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was altogether when the mans hand gripped her throat that the cry of make came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled bastardlews took up the awful sound, and flew wail Murder Murder over the vaulting vaulting horse fanciers head (85). 12 Stephens deliberate prohibition of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very antithetic meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the setting in which Peter Henessey explains how he erroneously thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible reading in this version is that the horseman was riding too agile and simply did not hear her calls She called to him in saviours Name, in her babes name But the distance grew greater and greater between them (85).Bayntons original version leads to a very different interpretation Mary Mother of Christ He repeated the conjuring half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christs Name called forte in despairing accents Gl iding crossways a ghostly composition of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. The lunation on the gleaming clay was a heavenly light to him, and he knew the white figure not for shape and blood, but for the Virgin and tike of his induces prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horses sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horsemans mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is punishable. This interpretation is substantiate by the particular that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the look of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity element Neednt flatter yerself nonexistence ud want ter run away with yew (82) the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a spectral one.Taken individually there is cipher original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ough t to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephens second default is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen (81). This condemnation is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Bayntons stories. The presup invest, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the storys catastrophe does the reader become awake(predicate) that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique much used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. consort to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni le trope nest quun cas particulier du fonctionnement de limplicite. shove along trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution mais substitution de quoi a quoi , et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi (94109).Readers of bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of The Chosen watercraft Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to sponge the sheeps blood from his pass overs mouth and throat. She is particularly interest in the last clip But the dog also was guilty (88). approximately readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the latitude between man and dog the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a filename extension to the first paragraph but the womans husband was angry and called her the noun was cur (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the womans dog-like subjection to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making d ecisions for herself. harmonise to Schaffers reading Her massive word sense of the situation makes her an accomplice in her essential (165). 17Most readers do identify the womans metaphoric association with the diswhitethorn as a symbol of the matriarchal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step hike and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is thence afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husbands property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and then Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic link and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies the maternal in the symbolic order. She belongs to the resembling economy which brings about her murder (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Bayntons title The Chosen Vessel implies that the ab stract plan of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person The Virgin Mary exists only to bid God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of federal agency and property from father to son.At the end of Bayntons story even this reverenced position is denied women Once more the vista of the Madonna and Child looked down on Peter My Lord and my God was the ideal And hast Thou chosen me? Ultimately Schaffer argues If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all she is in all absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, ravaged and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these self-contradictory practices through which the woman is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic ord er except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Bayntons use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to Squeakers Mate where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butch and to Billy Skywonkie which ends with an apparently unimaginative image prefiguring the meaningless sacrifice (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in The Chosen Vessel She tick offd that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck slue in a bow, and that the glitter of the tongue was reflected in its eye (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by rock that this is also an example of Bayntons denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In Scrammy And the lingua is clearly not a dangerous instrument The only apparatus that the old fellow had was the useless bloomers knife (41, my italics). make up more significantly in this story the reflection of the lunation in the sheeps eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night awaited pregnant with eyes (38). removed from being innocent creatures the sheep are associated with convicts The moonlights undulating white scales crossways their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang set up long ago (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to expose (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ew e of not being natral (34), and having a blarsted imperdence (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as the unashamed silent mother (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of precept her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would take care to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men swan on cows and calves being penned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush value. 22 In much the same way, Bayntons cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in Scrammy And the old shepherd sums up his view of women as They cant never do anythin right, an orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression getting into trouble the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in Billy Skywonkie where the narrator reflects She felt she had lost her mental balance.Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled (55). 23 as well as the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In Billy Skywonkie the countryside is described as barren shelterless plains (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues the land is barren because of the gumptious greedy solariseshine (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is th e Konks nose which for the protagonist blotted the landscape and dwarfed all attitude (Baynton 50). In Bayntons work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly Bush church service Krimmer and Lawson talk of its bleak meaninglessness (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is almost without plot of land (155).It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the most knotty in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection Bush Church is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the readers understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. because they pay insufficient attention to individual objurgates.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their truth or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural intention is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an uninitiated rider (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few put on that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talk of the town here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the extreme myths of life in the bush that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a simile with Lawson is illuminating. Lawsons anonymous narrator says of the Drovers wife She seems contented with her lot (6). In Bush Church this becomes But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is mutable of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify happy by fairly. More importantly the presupposition, but for all this, deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Bayntons novel Human Toll, says the presumptuousness that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novels textuality as if the assertion that it was all true and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its curiously wrought prose and obscure kinetics of desire (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a realist writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to hand the reader in their interpretation or becau se the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonists thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan queries the success of a scheme of such extreme obliqueness It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers (217), but it should be remembered that, given the dower in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Bayntons work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language.The TrampNO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title The Tramp in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers (Carter 263).Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet Banjo Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklins My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 Stephens deemed her too outspoken for an Australian audience (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection and it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworths Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably.She subsequently publ ished a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 she was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her natural talent to good use.As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of her unusually low level of critical awareness (65) and claim that she relies on instinct In order to write well she needs to write honestly out of intuitive understanding. As art it makes for failure (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Bayntons stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as true accounts of what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose talent does not extend to symbolism (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliqueness simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Bayntons technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the impl icit Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our daily common-places.The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the perfect example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men The Drovers Wife, The Selectors Daughter. They are defined at best by their physical characteristics That Pretty Girl in the Army, but more often than not are specifically excluded No Place for a Woman or reduced to silence She Wouldnt Speak. In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawsons most well-known stories the bush is a destructive force against which man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation.Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a mate in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker All days are much the same to h er But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children (Lawson 6). Bayntons stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways the majority of her protagonists are female the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Bayntons stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens heavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of Squeakers Mate with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity remove d by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Bayntons original characters, characters designed to question such sexual stereotypes.As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeakers mate, to her attacker and defender instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the texts conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawsons story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reve rsed. The man has become the effeminate Squeaker, the woman the masculine mate. As in Lawsons stories the male characters words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts while the womans words are reported only indirectly waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawsons stories, in Bayntons work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days Of them the sheep and the dog only she spoke when he returned (16), or again No word of complaint passed her lips (18).By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story it self. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the womans life. 8 A similar technique is used in Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as the listening woman passenger (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonists own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like in nervous fear (47) or with the fascination of horror (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Bayntons views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman a s an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story now known as The Chosen Vessel. This story, as many critics have remarked, is a version of The Drovers Wife in which the gallows-faced swagman (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawsons text states repeatedly that the wife is used to the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him They are used to being apart, or at least she is (4). Bayntons character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title When the Curlew Cried but Stephens changed this to The Tramp. Once again his editorial changes deflect the readers attention away from the female character.By implicitly making the man rather t han the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one episode in the tramps life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure (150).As Schaffer right points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a terrified figure. 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the mans hand gripped her throat that the cry of Murder came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took u p the awful sound, and flew wailing Murder Murder over the horsemans head (85). 12 Stephens deliberate suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible reading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls She called to him in Christs Name, in her babes name But the distance grew greater and greater between them (85).Bayntons original version leads to a very different interpretation Mary Mother of Christ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christs Name called loudly in despairing accents Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. The moonlight on the gleaming clay was a heavenly light to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mothers prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horses sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horsemans mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity Neednt flatter yerself nobody ud want ter run away with yew (82) the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one.Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephens second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Bayntons stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the storys denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni le trope nest quun cas particulier du fonctionnement de limplicite. Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi (94109).Readers of Bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of The Chosen Vessel Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheeps blood from his dogs mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sentence But the dog also was guilty (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph but the womans husband was angry and called her the noun was cur (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the womans dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for herself. According to Schaffers reading Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate (165). 17Most readers do identify the womans metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husbands property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies the maternal in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Bayntons title The Chosen Vessel implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and pro perty from father to son.At the end of Bayntons story even this reverenced position is denied women Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on Peter My Lord and my God was the exaltation And hast Thou chosen me? Ultimately Schaffer argues If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these contradictory practices through which the woman is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Bayntons use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to Squeakers Mate where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to Billy Skywonkie which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefiguring the meaningless sacrifice (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in The Chosen Vessel She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Bayntons denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In Scrammy And the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butchers knife (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the s heeps eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes (38). Far from being innocent creatures the sheep are associated with convicts The moonlights undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being natral (34), and having a blarsted imperdence (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as the unashamed silent mother (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capa ble of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being penned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Bayntons cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in Scrammy And the old shepherd sums up his view of women as They cant never do anythin right, an orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression getting into trouble the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in Billy Skywonkie where the narrator reflects She felt she had lost her mental balance.Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In Billy Skywonkie the countryside is described as barren shelterless plains (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues the land is barren because of the tireless greedy sun (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konks nose which for the protagonist blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective (Baynton 50). In Bayntons work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly Bush Church Krimmer and Lawson talk of its grim mea ninglessness (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is almost without plot (155).It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the most complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection Bush Church is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the readers understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their truth or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). Thi s is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawsons anonymous narrator says of the Drovers wife She seems contented with her lot (6). In Bush Church this becomes But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify happy by fairly. More importantly the presupposition, but for all thi s, deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Bayntons novel Human Toll, says the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novels textuality as if the assertion that it was all true and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a realist writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonists thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan qu eries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Bayntons work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language.

Service Learning Paper

Henry Adams once claimed, A informer affects eternity she can never tell where her influence gelt. Although Adams interchange choice only pertained to the male instructors, it can only be assumed he believed any teacher could achieve this. In tell to be a successful teacher, accomplishing a lifelong affect on a scholars life is a necessity. Adams quote describes my doctrine in teaching quite perfectly, and my drives during service tuition provides evidence for his statement. These bangs bring in only added to reinforcing my decision to choose teaching as my profession.My service scholarship took place at two different trails. My truly basic pick up was d 1 Sherman main(a) educate. Un favourablely, only having hotshot day there compress me from gaining the full own of the civilize. However, the grooms principal amazed me with his decision for improving their academics and surround. The direct seemed fairly new, like most of Toledo Public Schools. His mettle v irtu exclusivelyy temperature was contagious, and his heart was truly in it for these kids. The environment at that school had a very welcoming vibe, and the students were t issue ensemble eager to work with us.It seemed like all these schools, who were struggling to keep their academic level at an acceptable status, unsloped needed someone to be confident in them. Teaching at a less developed school like this one definitely appeals to me. I sat in a sixth grade classroom momentarily that day, because the principal had taken up most of our period with a tour. The teacher was very sweet, and had good control on students who liked to see her patience. Although I believe that I could take away upbeated tremendously from that experience, I original my move to a nonher school.I am currently fulfilling my service learn hours at Keyser Elementary. The environment at Sherman Elementary and Keyser differ dramatically. The staff at Keyser was normally very disorganized and seemed unp repared for our visit each week. The Bowling chiliad students and I would file into their cafeteria, find a spot on one of the folding tables, and wait for students to be sent down to be tutored. The first student I had was a third grader named Marcus. Although on occasion he would be absent, he was my main student for the first part of our time at Keyser.Marcus is a very quiet boy, but once he warmed up to me I learned all his favorite activities. all(prenominal) week, Marcus and I read a story. Reading is the only amour I get hold of done with Marcus. His translation skill was below average because of plentiful reading issues with inconsistency and vocabulary. Up until a few sessions ago, my second students name was Keivon. He is a second grader and has the opposite character as Marcus. He looked at his trip to the cafeteria as an escape from his classroom. getting him on task was my first job, and then reading came after that.We similarly never strayed from the subject of Reading. It was the same thing every week. Keivon had an excellent reading skill, and always comprehended what he read. However, the past few sessions I ingest been sitting in a Special Education classroom, to help me find if I would like to specialize in that area. I was very provoke to get the opportunity to work in a classroom. The students and teacher were very welcoming to me, and seemed eager to have a new face in their room. These students were easily distracted and had definite behavioral problems.The teacher barely got through her sentences without an interruption. I never worked one on one with students until my most upstart experience. As a result of my experiences at Keyser Elementary, my expectations did not match the world of my situation. I expected to be in the classroom throughout my substantial service learning. I was expecting to be able to absorb the everyday experience of teachers in their classrooms and learn from them. If I would not had asked to be pla ced in a Special Education classroom, I never would have see the environment of the classroom.Although I feel as if other sections were more fortunate in their experiences, I still thoroughly benefited from mine. Furthermore, I believe no experience is an unpleasant one, always a great opportunity to learn. In my first experience with Marcus, I helped him review the Reading section of the Ohio increase Tests. He struggled with having a fluent reading pattern, along with confusion on numerous words. I encouraged the technique of breaking up the word and sounding each part out, and then putting the whole thing together.He seemed to benefit from this technique, and his reading fluency evened out. Reading and Language Arts have always been my strong point in school, so I matte up I had the proper knowledge of the capacitance to help Marcus understand the test. Kauchak and Eggen (2009), make known that having a detailed understanding of the content one will teach improves the qualit y of how the teach it and how the student learns (p. 15). In my most recent experience, I helped a few students with dependent and independent clauses. Again, this content is very familiar to me and I have a detailed understanding for the clauses as well.This too demonstrates Ohio Standards for the Teaching Professions (OSTP) second standard, which states being familiar with content is a responsibility for the teacher (Standard 2). Additionally, I felt my overall experience at Keyser gave me a side of teacher collaboration that I did not expect. Whenever the Bowling Green students arrived at Keyser, we seemed like more of a clog than beneficial for the school. There would be times when the administrators would forget we were coming, and it was evident the school had a lot of communication problem.With Sherman Elementary, I felt the principal and the school all collaborated really well with each other, and they all had positive muscularity that promoted student learning to the max imum. Additionally, the principal made the effort to reach out to the community and keep everyone involved. Both schools demonstrated how they collaborated and communicated, which aligns with standard six (Standard 6). However, Keyser Elementary failed to meet up to the standard, whereas Sherman Elementary succeeded it. To further expand upon Sherman Elementary Schools excellence, I believe they created a very encouraging environment.For OSTPs standard five, the main idea is that teachers create learning environments that promote high levels of learning and achievement for all students (Standard 5). In my one-day experience at the school, I felt that the school implemented a very plentiful learning environment. In past years, the school had been categorized as an academic fatality school. However, they have been creating programs like Parents Power Hour where they allow the parents to come into the school and learn about their students progress in school.The principal also shares some news about the schools progress and this helps the parents get a feel for what their child is learning. Additionally whenever the principal shouted, Whats that smell, the students would shout Sherman pride The environment and school spirit in that school was contagious. The sixth grade teacher I encountered deeply cared for her students, and in the ten minutes I spent with her I already knew she promoted a successful learning environment. She led her students through a greeting activity where each student was greeted properly and in a mature manner, and then they also shared something they were gallant of.This made the classroom climate very positive, which is an essential key to a productive learning environment (Kauchak and Eggen, 2009, p. 236). The students were all supportive of each others proud moments, and I believe that was a good start to a productive learning day. As a result of my experience within an unquestionable classroom being very limited, I lost the opportu nity to find the teacher delivering their instruction. My hope was to learn about how a teacher stiffly instructs her students, which fits in OSTPs standard four (Standard 4). However, I did encounter an effective instruction within the Special Education class.On my most recent experience, the teacher was reviewing Christopher Columbus journey to the New World. To limit the lesson to her lecture would not have given the students a full understanding of the journey. Therefore, the teacher brought the globe to the previous of class and physically explains the journey by tracing his journey on the globe. Having the lecture along with the demonstration on the globe proved to be much more effective than the lecture alone. As previously stated, all of my experiences have only reinforced my decision to continue on the roadway of becoming a teacher.I witnessed a positively charged environment and one that did not have such delight. However, when I am a teacher in the future, I will be positive no enumerate what type of school I am in, and promote the learning environment my students deserve. I plan on continuing my expansion with the content I intend to teach, therefore my students will gain the ultimate learning experience with me as their teacher. I believe encouraging, teaching, caring, communicating, and believing in my students will benefit them tremendously. As a teacher, its all in a old age work.

A Letter from the Trenches

I had attended to put go forth earlier, however the Germans had us c apiece every(prenominal) over with the everlasting rain of shells f eithering, we had to stay on Guard duty to distinguish received they did non be quarter here. On the way gage, Zack got caught in a mudslide aft(prenominal) one of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went forbidden same the others. My attach to blamelessly acquired some refreshing novices to fight and obviously they hadnt incurn rats before, thence they were sc ard and it wasnt helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped by destines of the Germans brains and was so far hungry. In fact, he got sc ared so much, we tried to hide in No Mans Land to squeeze aside exactly their snipers coolness through him quite literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished breakfast from the shoe stupefy acrossrs expire of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on Lice Duty, picking show up all those eggs was f utile, as on that point were some hidden in the seams of the clo topic. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowding the groins of the little area for themselves. except got a haircut so I am bald again so I fuck off avoided the new nits bother.During when I am lax, I akin to do dozens of bosom exactly I decided to contri stille a warfare poem, I imply everyone else does. How does it sound? (Extract from Jesse Pole, The Cole)Whos for the intrench Are you, my gent? Wholl check French Will you, my laddie? Whos fretting to begin? Whos breathing out discover to winnings? And who wants to save his skin Do you, my laddie?What I am not going to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my stamp as they killed 1.7million people so far be take of their diseases and their extremely high fertility respect makes it just about unachievable to get rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they volition constantly annoy you. You hit the hay tha t trench innovation I had, I finally got rid of it, I am corned no more shall those fungi on the side of the wall get the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasnt any different, desexualizeing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of pacification while breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, but there is Guard duty. You know, when someone turn out of distributively company waits behind at the machine guns, its provided to be me, but Ive leaving the front line in brief appreciatively its been 70 days and the whole trench bout thing forget take over and Ill be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are be provided free rum for our duty a enormous with breakfast, because some of the others arrogatet get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and sunup loathe. Just cause the guns halt venting, doesnt think about there is rest, I mean if you bang here, you will obtain yourself scurrying across like a mouse, because of the purging and checking of equip workforcet. two of the sides unofficially declare a truce I think, I mean at the time we are most off-guard there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, senior officer, go steadys out that it happened again, he will get out out one company to the Germans trenches through No Mans Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we necessitate to do after breakfast push aside be tiring I mean it is fun refilling sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would unremarkably find out what we do by our NCOs. Theyd assign us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more allaying to stay. After another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the dress shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super complex and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as voiceless as it seems, the equipment here is in truth quite good compared to back out at home. The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the unmanageable labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs would fork up us, that is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shellingfor todays and also to prepare all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the viosterol yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to move during daylight, otherwise you would be moving ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personal stuff like training or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, luckily being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today Im on patrol duty so Ive been training in pay to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, ri ll is not an option. Out on No Mans Land, there is a variety of things to do such as repairing barbed conducting wire and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could maybe do out there is retrieve the dead bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk coming, you know you have to get ready for a monstrous fight or probably a small battle, you would know its coming cause the general will launch a particular(prenominal) cannon into No Mans Land just to grade you to get ready. During these times supplies are normally shipped over because you would be likely to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair barbed wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be displace to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operational a machine gun for 2 hours. Any longer and theyd arrive asleep. I f they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is getting killed by the firing squad, but I get intot see how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were protruding form their roles as marksman and ground troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something youll have to get used to around here is that dreaded smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I comprehend this tarradiddle that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just adoptt go unneurotic well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well thats all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. Writing whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesnt exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me knowing Ill have the time to write it. You could come and help out one day, I mean they dont need you back home working with the land girls and melody men to grow and sell the food that you are making on mums farm.Youre sincerelyChristopher, your dear BrotherA letter from the TrenchesMy Dear BrotherI had attended to write earlier, however the Germans had us covered with the constant rain of shells falling, we had to stay on Guard duty to make sure they did not get here. On the way back, Zack got caught in a mudslide after one of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went out like the others. My company just acquired some new novices to fight and obviously they hadnt seen rats before, consequently they were scared and it wasnt helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped through the Germans brains and was still hungry. In fact, he got scared so much, we tried to hide in No Mans Land to get away but their snipers shot through him quite literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished breakfast from the last of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on Lice Duty, picking out all those eggs was futile, as there were some hidden in the seams of the clothing. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowding the walls of the little area for themselves. Just got a haircut so I am bald again so I have avoided the new nits problem.During when I am free, I like to do loads of stuff but I decided to make a war poem, I mean everyone else does. How does it sound? (Extract from Jesse Pole, The Cole)Whos for the trench Are you, my laddie? Wholl follow French Will you, my laddie? Whos fretting to begin? Whos going out to win? And who wants to save his skin Do you, my laddie?What I am not going to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my opinion as they killed 1.7million people so far because of their diseases and their extremely high fer tility rate makes it almostimpossible to get rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they will constantly annoy you. You know that trench foot I had, I finally got rid of it, I am cured no more shall those fungi on the side of the wall get the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasnt any different, repairing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of peace while breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, but there is Guard duty. You know, when someone out of each company waits behind at the machine guns, its yet to be me, but Ive leaving the front line soon thankfully its been 70 days and the whole trench cycle thing will take over and Ill be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are being provided free rum for our duty along with breakfast, because some of the others dont get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and morning hate. Just cause the guns stopped firing, doesnt mean there is rest, I mean if you come here, you will find yourself scurrying across like a mouse, because of the cleansing and checking of equipment. Both of the sides unofficially declare a truce I think, I mean at the time we are most off-guard there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, senior officer, finds out that it happened again, he will send out one company to the Germans trenches through No Mans Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we have to do after breakfast can be tiring I mean it is fun refilling sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would normally find out what we do by our NCOs. Theyd assign us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more comforting to stay. After another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the correct shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super muddy and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as hard as it seem s, the equipment here is actually quite good compared to back out at home.The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the hard labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs would give us, that is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shellingfor todays and also to prepare all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the 500 yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to move during daylight, otherwise you would be moving ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personal stuff like reading or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, luckily being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today Im on patrol duty so Ive been training in hand to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, running is not an optio n. Out on No Mans Land, there is a variety of things to do such as repairing barbed wire and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could possibly do out there is retrieve the dead bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk coming, you know you have to get ready for a big fight or probably a small battle, you would know its coming cause the general will launch a special cannon into No Mans Land just to tell you to get ready. During these times supplies are normally shipped over because you would be likely to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair barbed wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be sent to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operating a machine gun for 2 hours. Any longer and theyd fall asleep. If they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is gett ing killed by the firing squad, but I dont see how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were relieved form their roles as marksman and ground troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something youll have to get used to around here is that horrid smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I heard this story that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just dont go together well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well thats all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. Writing whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesnt exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me kn owing Ill have the time to write it. You could come and help out one day, I mean they dont need you back home working with the land girls and business men to grow and sell the food that you are making on moms farm.Youre sincerelyChristopher, your dear Brother

Macy’s Store Essay

1. Macys and other department terminals atomic number 18 approach with imminent problems where sales are declining each year. Due to full(prenominal) disceptation and many substitutions in the food market, company must always analyze, investigate, and jut out for decision making. Creating situational analysis is a great way to analyze two the internal and external environments in order to understand the companys capabilities, business environment, and customers. In Macys case, some of the external factors are competition and economy. Since competitors such as discount stores and specialty stores are draw ining many customers, Macys need to find a solution to differentiate themselves from others to deliver value. well-nigh of the examples derriere be lowering hurts to meet customer expectations, expand market by using online- shopping, or take a survey to gain which disgraces or items customers want in Macys department store.Economy is other crucial factor store has to consider. When the economy is healthy, stores tend to worry less, exclusively when the economy is in recession, customers leave behind spend less and find a sixpennyer substitute items to purchase. Although Macys positioned themselves as upper middle class, company can increase sales by in any case providing less expensive brands for customers to postulate from. As for internal factors, training employees, contract with excellent suppliers, and positive recognised brand will capacityen Macys. For example, experienced management can give instruction and lead employees to perform day-to-day operations and to be professional in what they do. spot awareness is also an important factor since customers judge product and service by its brand image.2. To this date, Macys is try to find a sustainable competitive profit in the retail industry. Clothing store such as ZARA and H&M direct a definite advantage since they attract customers by displaying latest up-to-date habilitate w ith affordable price and Macys on the other hand, turn over not yet able to deliver right messages to buyers. Moreover, Macys desegregation and efforts to become national-wide brand are not unique because most major retailers in the states are now national brands.However, Macys strategy of view themselves as mid-level can become a unique competitive advantage in the afterlife because people would believe its swap is neither cheap nor expensive. This way people wont judge Macys as a cheap store but store which carries affordable items. Nevertheless, Macys still face a serious threat since spurt uniform retailers such as H&M and Urban outfitters are targeting teenagers with truly low prices. One way to improve competitive advantage whitethorn be quality. Customers know H&M is a cheap, fashionable store and they also know habit will wear out if water-washed couple times. By focusing on quality, people may clear paying extra money to purchase Macys merchandise is economy mone y in long- term.3. Overall, Macys consolidation and repositioning strategy suck many advantages since the company converted 15 department stores to Macys brand Remodelling stores promote a pleasant shopping experience to customers, displaying fashionable clothing to attract trend-followers, and developing private brands to increase profits. As mentioned above, the first strength to this change is the decision to consolidate. By using the comparable brand name, this will reduce advertising costs, customers will easily recognize the brand, and since all stores channelise same products they may draw bargaining power over suppliers. side by side(p) advantage is locations. Since Macys now assimilate approximately 810 stores in 50 states, customers can visit any Macys stores without inconvenience.Moreover, because all stores carry same products, services, and designs, buyers can visit any stores to buy what they need. Last strength is Macys focus on affordable fashion. People nowaday s value fashion so much that they simply wont purchase clothing that is boring and bland. By recognizing these factors, Macys are working with top designers to attract and show buyers their brand is fashionable and also affordable. Despite of these advantages, Macys also have weakness to worry about. Customers are complaining that the price of merchandise increased and they would shop elsewhere. Macys would reduce these complaints by offering coupons or to perform customer relationship program to recognise those who are liege to the store and give special incentives or discounts.4. ,Department stores are faced with serious threat since industry is declining and competitions are growing rapidly. But Macys have found a bold strategy to compete in a tough market. Macys has a good chance of succeed in 5 years since the store recognizes the trend and strives to meet customers needs. In order to extremely successful in the future however, Macys need to closely monitor competitors such as Nordstrom, ZARA, and H&M to gather competitor intelligence and to react to fast ever-changing market. Brand awareness is also a crucial factor for success. Brand loyal customers tend to be less price sensitive because they have a strong belief that it is worth paying more money. If Macys can build brand royal customers, they would reduce advertising costs, and have positive brand image. Lastly, pricing its merchandise will be a key point for success in 5 years because price is what makes customers to make a purchase or to find a substitute.

Adam Bede Essay

George Eliot s novels are all dramas of righteous conflict. She did not believe in artifice for arts sake, nevertheless in art for righteousitys sake. According to Leslie Stephen, George Eliot believed that a work-of art not only may. but must, exercise also an ethical influence. She believed that, our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. If we give birth to lure and ugliness, keep goinging and nemesis are sure to follow. We have to guide the consequences of our own actions.Her characters suffer because they violate some moral code, because they yield to temptation whether surely or unconsciously, in cristal the Venerable Bede both Hetty and Arthur suffer for this reason. Poignant tragedy is the result because both Arthur and Hetty are creatures of weak moral fibre. They are unable to resist temptation. This moral weakness results in offense, which is followed by punishment and intense suffering. Arthur-Hetty story traces the movement from weakness to sin and from sin to nemesis. Stratagems of PassionThe stratagems of passion are seen with illuminating c1arrty when Arthur, after luncheon, is unable to give the feelings and reflections which had been decisive in his decision to avoid Hetty. We are told of his conscious thoughts, and the self-deceptions and distortions of fairness that we see in them make, so to speak, a chart of the subconscious strong suit of his impulse to see her-as a strong underwater current, showing nosing on the surface, is yet known to be present by the extent to which its soak on the keel of a ship alters its course.It is in such accounts of motives, conscious and unconscious, that Arthur is created and exists as a character in the novel. Our recognition of his good intentions, self-deceptions and weaknesses of exit make the portrayal real and acceptable to us. Maturity through know We are not permitted to see the process by which Dinah is enabled to . overcome her fear, and it is a serious flaw in the novel that it is so. all told, we learn is that having been told by disco biscuit of his get laid for her and having admitted in turn a love for him, Oinah once more(prenominal) retreats to Stonyshire, not staying even long enough to participate in the return Supper.Adam, after waiting for several weeks, is no longer able to wear off the strain and sets out for Stonyshire to find her. As he leaves the Loamshire world and enters colour in treeless Stonyshire, he is reminded of the painful past, but in an altered flatboat for now he possesses what George Eliot calls a experience of en erectd being, the consequences of thtt ruller action brought about by his suffering. He sees Stonyshire now through Dinahs eyes, as it were, and ifhis vision includes the barren land, it also includes the wonderful flooding light and the large embracing sky.Adam waits for Dinah to return from her Sunday preaching not at her home, but on a hill top. Here, in the midst of her world, he disco vers that Dnah has undergone a change, the power of her love for him has in a sense overcome her fears she feels like cl divided person without him, and she is willing to arrive his wife. He, therefore, takes her back to Loamshire whence she had so fled. It is not, however, to the green and golden world of. June with which the obtain began rather to an autumnal mature world.Here, on a rimy break of day in departing November, when there is a tinge of sadness in the brave out as well as in the joy which accompanies the wedding, Adam and Dinah are married. it is in the fitness of things that they should so come together, for they are bound to either by their common suffering for Hetty and by their painful memories, suffering gives annul to sympathy, and love based on such sympathy alone jakes be fruitful and lasting. Critic after critic has expressed the see that Adam is too good to be true.It has been said that he is a perfect human being being, George Eliots ideal, fully mat ure and enlightened from the precise beginning. But the truth is otherwise. A split seconds reflection shows that he is proud, hard and self-righteous with little sympathy for ordinary sinners, which we all miserable mortals are. As a matter of detail, the novel traces the process by which he gradually sheds his faultsof his education, enlightenment and maturity, through a process of suffering and love-and becomes ultimately a complete man, a fully integrated personality, through his love of Dinah and his marriage with her.The process of his education occupies the centre of the novel. The point would become clear, if we in short consider this process. Hard and Self-righteous There can be no denying the fact that Adam is hard and self-righteous. In the very chapter we are told, The jobless tramps always felt sure they could get a copper from band they scarcely ever spoken to Adam. This is the flaw (not a pitch-dark one) in Adams innocence In fact, Adam is a stone-hearted pers on at the very beginning. The very fault in him lies in his over-confidence which makes him to think that he is righteous and it is not wrong in all way.This is told to us by the hymns he sings and the ending with the same hymn is not only appropriate but it also gives him the impression how much operative the hyn1n is? He does not harm anybody, knowingly. Not for a single moment he thinks when he hurts anybody. He is much confident about his doings, Ive seen pretty clear, ever since I could cast up a sum, as you can never do whats wrong without breeding sin and trouble more than you can ever seen. His confidence is shaken when he catches his friend red handed while making love with his lamb Hett, in the woods.He realises his mistakes, how incomplete his mental seeing has been He soundless it all now-the locket, and everything else that had been doubtful to him a terrible scorching light showed him the unavowed letters that changed the meaning of the past. Here starts the pro cess of his education and self-realisation. Realities of Midlands Life George Eliots novels reveal the very aspects of the side Midlands, more specially Warwickshire and Coventry. The beauty of these Midlands plains caught the standoff of her eyes and these plains found their setting in her novels.Quite a take of the scenery-and indeed of Warwickshire generally is that the hedges are everywhere closely painted with trees, whose height, as well as the riotous wastefulness of the hedgerose, give certify of a kindly soil and climate. Methodic Themes Written by Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity was translated into English by George Eliot. The influence of Feuerbach can be seen in George Eliot, in her works. In the above mentioned book, Feuerbach talks about the religious significance of water, wine and bread. All of three are sacred for him.The reason for the sacredness of water lies in the fact that it isa force of constitution and it keeps us reminding that we have our decli vitys in nature, the same origin of other set out creatures. Thus necessity of water symbolises our oneness with nature and Baptism as well. Wine and bread are man made things which determine towards nature for the raw-material, thus symbolises that man is much superior to other lower creatures who are not so efficient to modify natural things. In the Christian ritual of Baptism, only water is used, for innocent and pure-hefirted childrn.Whereas for the mature man, the master copys supper which includes wine and bread, is served. It suggests that man is much above animals. If the man is thirsty(p) and thirsty, he will no more remain a human being and taking of bread and wine restores him to his humanity. This truth is revealed to us through three suppers which is taken by Adam and his humanity kept ever-present in him. ReferencesEliot. George. Adam Bede. New York Penguin. 1996. Greegor. G. R. George Eliot a collection of critical essays. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , prentice Hall. 1970. Ian Adam.Character and Destiny in George Eliots Fiction. Nineteenth-Century Fiction. University of California Press 1965. 127-143 Jones, Robert Tudor A critical commentary on George Eliots Adam Bede. London Macmillan. 1968. Levine. G. L The Cambridge companion to George Eliot. Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pletzen, E Van. Eliots Adam Bede. The Explicator. 56, no. 1, (1997) 23. Thale, Jerome. The novels of George Eliot. New York, Columbia University Press, 1959. Watt, Ian P. The Victorian novel modern essays in criticism. London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1971.

Corporate Governance – Role of Board of Directors

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ROLE OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS People pr morselically interrogative whether corporate climb ons matter because their day-today imp execute is difficult to observe. save, when things go wrong, they shadow become the shopping centre of attention. Certainly this was true of the Enron, Worldcom, and Parmalat scandals. The directors of Enron and Worldcom, in comp iodinnticular, were held liable for the cunning that occurred Enron directors had to pay $168 million to investor plaintiffs, of which $13 million was out of pocket (not cover by insurance) and Worldcom directors had to pay $36 million, of which $18 million was out of pocket.As a consequence of these scandals and ongoing concerns to the highest degree corporate institution, plug-ins have been at the center of the policy debate concerning cheek reform and the focus of considerable faculty member research. Because of this renewed post in cartes a good deal of the research on display boards ultimate ly touches on the question what is the usance of the board? Possible reacts range from boards being solely when legal necessities, something akin to the wearing of wigs in English courts, to their playing an supple part in the overall guidance and statement of the corporation.No doubt the legality lies somewhere between these extremes indeed, there atomic bite 18 probably multiple truths when this question is asked of different firms, in different countries, or in different periods. So what is a Board of Director (BoD) and what do Directors actually do? A Board of Directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a fraternity or organization. Other names allow board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees, and board of visitors.It is often simply referred to as the board . A boards activities are determined by the powers, duties, and responsibilities delegated to it or conferred on it by an authority outside itself. These matters are typically expand in the countrys company law, organizations bylaws and/or the Article of affiliation (AoA). The bylaws commonly also specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and when they are to meet. To better understand corporate boards, virtuoso should begin with the question of what do directors do? Over the years there has been several indepth studies conducted and research literature published by some of the most brilliant academics only to answer this very question e. g. Mace, 1971, Whisler, 1984, Lorsch and MacIver, 1989, Demb and Neubauer, 1992, and Bowen, 1994 and their conclusions are presented breifly The principal conclusions of Mace were that directors serve as a source of advice and counsel, serve as some sort of discipline, and act in crisis situations.The nature of their advice and counsel is unclear but Mace suggests that a board serves largely as a sounding board for the chief operating officer and crown management, occasionally providing expertise when a firm faces an issue about which wizard or more(prenominal) board members are expert. Yet Demb and Neubauers survey results find that approximately 2-thirds of directors watchd that setting the strategic perpetration of the company was one of the jobs they did. 80% of the directors also agreed that they were involved in setting strategy for the company. 5% of respondents to another of Demb and Neubauers questionnaires penning that they set strategy, corporate policies, overall direction, mission, vision. Indeed far more respondents agreed with that description of their job than agreed with the statements that their job entailed overseeing, monitoring top management, chief operating officer (45%) advantageion, hiring/firing CEO and top management (26%) or serving as a watchdog for carry onholders, dividends (23%). According to Epstein and Roy (2006), a high performance board must achieve three core objectives in other address Epstein and Roy nail the core responsibilities of the board . Provide superior strategic direction to ensure the companys growth and prosperity by Setting of Strategy 2. control account mogul of the company to its stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators and community 3. Ensure that a highly certified executive team is managing the company by The Hiring, Firing and Assessment of Management. isolated from what has been stated above one very significant and active section played by the board is in equipment casualty of the hiring, firing, and assessment of management.This is one role that is typically ascribed to directors is control of the process by which top executives are hired, publicized, assessed, and, if necessary, dismissed. Assessment can be seen as having two components, one is monitoring of what top management does and the other is determining the intrinsic ability of top management. The monitoring of managerial action s can, in part, be seen as part of a boards obligation to be vigilant against managerial malfeasance. It is essential that the role, duties and responsibilities of directors are clearly defined.The Combined Code (2006) states that the boards role is to provide entrepreneurial leadership of the company indoors a material of prudent and effective controls which enables risk to be assessed and managed. According to UK Law, the directors should act in good faith in the interest of the company, and operate disquiet and skill in carrying out their duties. The Company Law Reform mailing (2005) defines, in section 154-161, the directors duties as follows a duty to act within powers, that is, to act in accordance with the companys constitution and only exercise powers for the purpose for which they are conferred a duty to promote the supremacy of the company, so a director must act in the path he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole a duty to exercise independent judgment a duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence a duty to avoid conflicts of interest a duty not to accept benefits from third party a duty to declare an interest on proposed transactions or arrangements. But that does not quite answer our cardinal question as to how the role the board plays is related to the overall corporate governance of the organization.Nevertheless one thing is certain thus far is that the BoD lead and control a company and hence an effective board is fundamental to the success of the company. The board is the link between managers and the investors, and is essential to good corporate governance and investor relations. Since corporate governance represents the value framework, the ethical framework and the moral framework under which business decisions are interpreted it therefore calls for three factors 1. transparency in decision-making 2. Accountability which follows fro m transparency because responsibilities could be fixed easily for actions taken or not taken, and . The accountability is for the safeguarding the interests of the stakeholders and the investors in the organization. Decisions relating to board composition and expression will be of fundamental importance in determining whether, and to what extent, the board is effective and successful in achieving these objectives. A board will typically be composed of a Chairman, Chief executive director Officer, executive Directors, Non- Executive Director, Independent Director, Company Secretary and then there are committees do from among the board for specific purposes with a view to increased corporate governance and hence accountability.It is important that the board has a balanced composition some(prenominal) in terms of executive and non executive directors and also in terms of experience, qualities and skills that several(prenominal)s bring to the table. The Institute of Directors (IoD) has published some useful guidance in this area in 2006 which is shared below Consider the ratio and number of executive and non executive directors. Consider the energy, experience, knowledge, skill and personal attributes of current and prospective directors in relation to the future needs of the board as a whole, and develop specifications and processes for new appointments, as necessary. Consider the cohesion, dynamic tension and innovation of the board and its leadership by the electric chair. Make and review succession plans for directors and the company secretary. Where necessary, remove incompetent or unsuitable directors of the company secretary, taking pertinent legal, contractual, ethical and commercial matter into account. Agree proper procedures for electing a chairman and appointing the managing director and other directors. Identify potential candidates of the board, make selection and agree terms of appointment and remuneration.New appointments should be a greed by every board member. Provide new board members with a comprehensive induction to board process, and policies, inclusion to the company and to their new role. Monitor and appraise each individuals performance, doings, knowledge, effectiveness and values rigorously and regularly. Identify development needs and training opportunities for existing and potential directors and the company secretary. Roles of the board members 1. Chief Executive Officer and ChairmanThe CEO has the executive responsibility for running of the companys business on the other hand, the Chairman has responsibility for the running of the board. The two roles should not therefore be combined and carried out by one person Conclusions Corporate governance, and in particular the role of boards of directors, has been the topic of much attention lately. Although this attention is particularly topical due to well-publicized governance failures and succeeding regulatory changes, corporate governance is an ar ea of longstanding interest in economics (dating back to at least Adam Smith, 1776).Because of corporations enormous share of economic activity in modern economies, the extent to which corporations deviate from value-maximization is highly important. Consequently, corporate governance and the role of boards of directors is an issue of fundamental importance in economics. Understanding the role of boards is vital both for our understanding of corporate behavior and with respect to setting policy to regulate corporate activities.